Why Mordecai Didn't Bow to Haman in Ancient Iran

                                                                           
Queen Esther with Uncle, Mordechai, from the tribe of Benjamin
Mordechai, the Jew 
The Babylonians aka Land of Shinar or of the Kasdim )Chaldees, led by their leader, Nebuchadnezzar, attacked Judah (southern part of Israel) in 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE, when they carried away captives as slaves and destroyed the Temple of Solomon. The slaves later became the property of the Persians-aka Iran, and finally became semi-free there.  Abraham was born in Ur of the Chaldeans, so you might say that the Babylonians took the Jews back to their origins.   The irony is that Abraham had left here and had migrated to Canaan where he later fought Amrahel, king of Shinar as told in Genesis 14 over Lot, his nephew.  In those days all the kings fought each other.  Nebuchadnezzar, a Babylonian, had inherited the Assyrian Empire, and after his conquest of Judah in 597 BCE  and 586 BCE, had exiled many Jews to Babylon.
                                                                     
Queen Esther
Later, we find Mordecai in the 5th century BCE, a Benjamite serving as a palace official at Shushan in the reign of Ahasuerus aka King Xerxes I.  His niece, Esther aka Hadassah, was married to this king.  Ahasuerus learned through Mordecai about an assassination plot against him.   Since most historians have identified Ahasuerus as king Xerxes I, his known wife had been Amestris.

    Amestris  or Ésther
    Rashi thought that Ahasuerus was the successor to Cyrus, near the end of the 70 years of the Babylonian exile.  
    Amestris was the wife of Xerxes I of Persia, mother of Achaemenid,  King of Kings Artaxerxes I of Persia. She was known to have been poorly regarded by ancient Greek historians. Wikipedia
    Here are the ancestors of Esther showing she is the niece of Mordechai
    Descendants of Judge Jair
    1   Judge Jair b: in Gilead
    . 2   Mordechai b: in Shushan, Persia
    . 2   Abihail
    ..... 3   Esther-Hadassah b: in Shushan, Persia
    ......... +Ahasuerus-XerxesI, KingI b: in Shushan, Persia

    Xerxes I (ruled 486-465 BCE), also known as Xerxes the Great, was the king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. His official title was Shahanshah which, though usually translated as `emperor’, actually means `king of kings’. He is identified as the Ahasuerus of Persia in the biblical Book of Esther (although his son, Artaxerxes I, is also a possibility as is Artaxerxes II).  
                                                                         
Haman
Mordecai refused to bow to the vizier, Haman, aka Memucan, Chief minister of Ahasuerus,  which made Haman very angry, so that Haman instigated a plan of vengeance on all the Jews of  Persia, but his scheme was found out by Queen Esther.  In the end, Haman and his 10 sons were hung by King Ahasuerus and his position as chief minister was filled by Mordecai.  Wikipedia said: " Haman is hanged from the gallows that had originally been built to hang Mordecai. The dead bodies of his ten sons Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha, Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha, Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai and Vaizatha (or Vajezatha), are also hanged after they die in battle trying to kill the Jews." I had always thought the extermination attempt had not yet begun when Esther saved them all by getting the courage to tell the king about the plot.  
                                                                           
Haman speaking with King Ahasuerus
       Haman's resentment of the independent attitude of Mordecai led him to detest all Jews and this is why it is believed that he planned their annihilation, which he had set to happen on the 14th of the month of Adar of the year 357 BCE.  .

Haman's history was that he was descended from Agag, king of Amalek and was called "the Agagite."  He was the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite.  His wife was Zeresh.  His seat in the palace was above all the officers who were with him.  All the servants at the king's gate would bow down and prostrate themselves before Haman as the king had so ordered.

Who were the Amaleks?  They were a people almost always hostile to Israel.  They were nomads wandering around between Southern Canaan and nearby areas that later became part of Palestine.  They were the ones who attacked the Israelites in the desert near Rephidim shortly after the Exodus and annihilated the weak and weary.  They were defeated by the Israelite army under Joshua.  From then on, the Israelites regarded Amaleks as an eternal foe, the extermination of which was a national mission.  Saul couldn't kill their king.  During the period of the Judges, the Amaleks penetrated Western lands at various points and their presence was a standing threat to the peace of the country.  They acted like the Hamas led Palestinians of today.

In King David's time, the Amaleks invaded southern Judea and burned the town of Ziklag.  David fought and defeated them heavily, so that only 400 escaped from him.  In the reign of Hezekiah in 720-690 BCE, the tribe of Simeon overwhelmed the Amalekites and settled in their territory.  They are a symbol of everlasting enmity to Israel along with Haman, the Agagite.  who was a descendant of Agag, the king of the Amaleks.

So who was Mordecai and why wouldn't he show this respect of bowing?  Mordecai was descended from Benjamin, so was a Benjaminite.   Benjamin had been the 2nd son of Jacob through Rachel, his first love who had died during childbirth.  Benjamin had an older brother, Joseph.  Now, when land was doled out to the 12 sons of Jacob through Moses and Joshua, Joseph did not receive any as he had already been 2nd in command to the Pharaoh of Egypt and did not need any more land, so his parcel went to his 2 sons, Manassah and Ephraim which is important in seeing who Mordecai, born in Shushan, Persia,  was.

Mordecai's father was Jair, who had been a judge.  He was the son of Shimei, son of Kish, son of Bela, son of BENJAMIN!. Benjamin was the uncle of Manassah   Descendants of Joseph

1   Joseph b: in Canaan, 18th-16th centuries BCE? Hyksos period (2500-1587 BCE)
.. +Asenath b: in Egypt
. 2   Manasseh
. 2   Ephraim

  Of course, Benjamin was the youngest son of Jacob, father of the 12 sons whose descendants were then tribal members of that son.  This makes 6 generations away from Manassah, son of Joseph.
                                                                           
Malala Yousafzai, Pashto woman-winner of Nobel Prize in 2014
 Joseph's line held many important people including the Pashtuns that claim descent from the 10 Lost tribes of Israel from the invasion of Assyrians into Israel that occurred in 722 and 721   BCE-well before the Babylonians who had taken over the Assyrian holdings.  King Saul was from this family.  His father had been Kish, and brother, therefore, was Shimei. Pashtos claim descendency from Joseph.

It was Jair who had been carried into captivity together with King Jeconiah /Jehoiachin (son of Jehoiakim) of Judah who only reigned in 597 BCE for only 3 months and 10 days, having become king at age 18 during the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, who was then also king of Babylon in 605-562 BCE.   Young King Jehoiachin had to remain in detention until the accession of Evil-Merodach in 561 BCE when he was released.  Official Babylonian records relating to his captivity have been recovered.
                                                                               
Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar  had conquered all the lands from the Euphrates to the Egyptian frontier, including Judah.  He captured Jerusalem after Judah had revolted, and had replaced the young king Jehoiachin with his own nominee, Zedekiah, and had exiled 8,000 of the local aristocracy to Babylon.  8 years later, even Zedekiah had to rebel from the treatment. Zedekiah remained king of Judah from 597 to 586 BCE and was the son of Josiah.  His name was really Mattaniah, and took this aka of Zedekiah when he was appointed king by Nebuchadnezzar.  He was 21 when he was selected to be king and had to swear allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar.

In Zedekiah's  9th year of reigning, he conspired with Egypt after having refused such offers before by others.  Because of this conspiracy, Judah was invaded again by the Babylonians and had then captured Jerusalem.  He was brought to trial and it was horrible.  His sons were killed before his eyes, and then his eyes were put out and he was put in prison till his death.   This history is preserved in the British Museum.  The forces of Nebuchadnezzar under Nebuz-Aradan again invaded Judah and captured Jerusalem in 586 BCE.  This is when they destroyed the first Temple of Solomon, laid waste the cities and exiled masses of the population.  the king was taken to Riblah, where Nebuchadnezzar had him killed.
                                                                       
Esther with her son, King Darius of Persia
Mordecai had also served as a palace official at Shushan during the reign of King Ahasuerus. He had this position before King Ahasuerus found Esther.   Mordecai was the grandnephew of King Saul!  Saul's father had been Kish.  He himself was of royalty.  His 6th great grandfather had been Abraham.  His niece was Queen Esther, though they had to keep this a secret because the King did not know she was Jewish!    Ahasuerus had selected her as his queen because of her beauty, without knowing her background and who she was related to.
                                                                           
Mordecai didn't bow down to Haman, and Haman was frustrated because he knew of Mordecai's position and who he was, and so he plotted to kill all Jews to get even with Mordecai.  Mordecai in turn, knew that Haman was a descendant of Agag, the Amalekite king who was conquered by King Saul, his own ancestor. He wasn't about to start bowing to the evil Agag's descendant now.   Normally, Mordechai would have bowed in accordance with the king's instructions, for bowing to a king or his official is not forbidden by Torah law.  In Mordecai's mind, it also could have been because Haman had either declared himself to be divine, or because his robes were decorated with idols, and then bowing to him would be an act of idolatry.  He had used the religious grounds reasoning when questioned as to why he didn't bow, and so by doing so, caused Haman to want to kill all Jews.  This is the explanation of our sages, Ibn Ezra and Rashi.
                                                                       
Purim Carnival in Ashkelon, Israel
We have the book, The Book of Esther (Megillat Ester) near the end of our Tanach (Bible).  A celebration is also held every year to remember this extermination plot that Esther put an end to.  Purim falls on the 14th of Adar each year.  It is a very happy holiday.  A favorite is the making of a filled cookie called Hamentaschen, filled with many choices, such as raisins, nuts, etc.

Persia changed their name to Iran in 1935,  In 1935 the Iranian government requested those countries which it had diplomatic relations with, to call Persia "Iran," which is the name of the country in Persian. The suggestion for the change is said to have come from the Iranian ambassador to Germany, who came under the influence of the Nazis.  They felt this would also signify  " the Aryan race of its population, as "Iran" is a cognate of "Aryan" and derived from it. They are not Arabs.

Reference:  Esther-3-9.
Amaleks: Exodus 7: 8-13, Deuteronomy 25: 17-19, Exodus 17: 13-16, I Samuel 15;
http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/persia_became_iran.php
Tanach, The Stone Edition of ArtScroll Series page 1752-1773
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman_(biblical_figure)
Hadassah magazine February/March 2016, page15- by Paula Shoyer.  Updated March 2, 2016. 


The Paradox of War & How to Prepare for Coming Conflicts


Is war a bad thing?

On the surface, and fundamentally speaking, the answer to this question is an absolute and unequivocal YES!  Simply stated, war is hell.  It wreaks utter destruction upon virtually everything it touches, including, most prominently, human life itself.  In a perfect world, war would not exist, and that is as it should be.

Unfortunately, we do not live in a perfect world.  War has therefore been a part of the human experience throughout the history of this world.

Despite the awful realities of war--especially upon the individual--many benefits are often derived from the perpetual onslaught of humanity's worst state of collective being.  Indeed, there are always two sides to every event in human history.

Please don't misunderstand: Such benefits should NEVER be the impetus for going to war.  It is worthwhile, however, to recognize when and identify how positive developments can arise from negative, even fatal, events in life -- including war.  By so doing, we can better make sense of disasters that arise, as well as better prepare for or prevent future calamities from occurring.

The specific purposes of this essay are threefold:

FIRST, to better educate readers on the holistic nature of war by illuminating benefits and ironies concomitant to the calamities of war.

SECOND, to call out the very real existence of evil in this world -- always the true author of war.

THIRD, to make a case for the likelihood of a pending conflict in coming years on par with previous world wars and to communicate how we can best prepare for coming conflicts.

Let's begin by discussing the calamity, as well as some of the benefits and ironies of war.


From War Cometh Calamity: War kills all living beings in its way and destroys all non-living things in its path.

If you'd like to brush up on the sheer statistical menaces brought on by war, author Chris Hedges' "What Every Person Should Know About War" (2003, Free Press) is a fine source to consult. To read an excerpt from his book, published in the New York Times on July 6, 2003, click HERE.

Just a few statistics that Hedges' shares in his book include the following:

* Over the course of the past 3,400 years, only 268 of them (8%) have been marked by world peace.

* Over 100 million people were killed by war in the 20th Century alone.

* Perhaps as many as 1 billion people have been killed in war throughout human history.

* World War II cost Americans 3 trillion dollars to fight (an average of $20,388 per person).

Source: Hedges, C. (2003). What Every Person Should Know About War (First Chapter). The New York Times. Published on July 6, 2003. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/06/books/chapters/0713-1st-hedges.html?pagewanted=all

After reviewing such gruesome statistics, the notion that any real benefits result from war seem to belie all credulity.  But the fact remains that many positive things are spurred on by the onset and carrying out of war.

Benefit #1: War, especially big wars, lead to enormous progress in the fields of science, technology, medicine, etc.

There are many reasons why humankind made such unprecedented progress in the 20th century in the fields of science, technology, medicine, etc., but two of the most prominent reasons are World War I and World War II.

History suggests that few (if any) things engage the creative capacity or work ethic of a populace more than one of two things: 1) Bloodlust and the appetite for conquest by an invader, or 2) The mechanisms of self-preservation and patriotism that impel one to defend one's home, family, and nation from an invader.  


Benefit #2: War can be a powerful antidote to economic depression.

While I would NEVER encourage or suggest anyone go to war to for the sake of economic gain, let's face the facts: World War II did more to bring the United States out of the Great Depression and put our nation on the road to unprecedented prosperity than the Roosevelt Administration and his New Deal did, or could have ever dreamed of doing.  The call to war was, quite simply, a call to work for millions of Americans who had been out of work for months or even years.

Benefit #3: War Breeds Anathema for Itself

World War I was famously dubbed "The War to End All Wars" for one simple reason: It was assumed by many that the most hellish single conflict in human history had sufficiently blotted out all future bloodlust from the human race.

I am currently watching one of the most fascinating documentaries I've ever viewed (and I've seen a few).  It is about World War I, and is called 14 -- Diaries of the Great War.

No previous war can fully compete with the hellish horrors of this colossal conflict.  A modern war fought with old-fashioned paradigms and tactics proved an inimitable recipe for unprecedented butchery and wide-scale atrocities.  

It is not surprising, then, that most of its participants desired to never return to a state of individual or collective being as horrendous as that experienced by tens of millions of soldiers and civilians between August 1914 and November 1918.

It is also not surprising that many years and/or decades often pass by between one war and the next for most nations.  Sadly, it is often this very hesitancy which inhibits a nation from taking the difficult and disciplined measures required to prevent future wars through proper preparation.  And thus we have our first great irony of war...

Irony #1:  The greatest war irony in human history is found in the tragic fact that the inexplicably terrible conflict of World War I planted and effectively fertilized all the right seeds for a second, even greater conflict less than two generations later.  Indeed, historical hindsight has verified time-and-again that the so-called "War to End All Wars" and the troubled treaties that "ended it" actually did the exact opposite, leading directly to the rise of the fiends who would perpetrate World War II -- and the laziness, cowardice, and fear that would handcuff those nations who could have potentially prevented it during the 1920s and 30s.

Irony #2: Bad Guys fight and survive on the Right Side of every conflict, and Good Guys fight and die on the Wrong Side of every war.

The more I study the history of warfare, the more I discover the reality that there are honorable, virtuous troops and dishonest, debauched soldiers in the trenches on both sides of just about any conflict, regardless how "right/good" or "wrong/evil" one's commanding officers and civil leaders may be.

And tragically, good guys on the bad side are sometimes killed while bad guys on the good side sometimes live.  On the other hand, some bad guys on both sides seem to meet their just fate while some good guys on both sides seem to be miraculously preserved.  To some, such occurrences appear utterly arbitrary.  Others are convinced that good luck, Karma, or even God is involved in a selection process devoid of caprice.  To illustrate, consider the following three examples.

U.S. Grant vs. Stonewall Jackson


Ulysses S. Grant is widely considered to be one of the greatest Generals in U.S. history.  Before Grant took charge, Lincoln's Army of the Potomac had been embarrassed for three straight years by a superior-led Confederate force one-third its overall size and strength.  After Grant took charge, the Union was finally able to mobilize its superior numbers and resources into a winning strategy.  Before this remarkable military success, Grant was a drunkard who failed at nearly everything he ever tried.  Horsemanship, mathematics, and soldiering were a few exceptions.  Despite his character issues and history of failure, Grant's overriding military successes propelled him into the White House -- a post he was poorly prepared or dispositioned to effectively hold.  Indeed, his scandal laden Presidency emblazoned for him an ignominious legacy that consistently positions him among our nation's top-five WORST Commanders-in-Chief.

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson was one of the South's top Generals.  He was killed midway through the Civil War on May 10, 1863 due to complications following an incident of "Friendly Fire"during the period of the Chancellorsville Campaign.  Jackson passed away less than two months before the Battle of Gettysburg, which would prove to be a turning point in the war for the North.  Upon hearing of his death, General Robert E. Lee remarked, "I have lost my right arm ... [and am] bleeding at the heart."

Source: Hall, K.E. (2005). Stonewall Jackson and Religious Faith in Military Command. McFarland & Company: Jefferson, NC. Page 184 (as written in the autobiography of the Reverend William Mack Lee, General Lee's wartime cook). 

The South enjoyed almost uninterrupted success with Jackson in the saddle.  They were never the same after he was taken.

A careful study of Jackson's life both before and during the Civil War reveal a very different man than Grant.  Aside from being a devout Christian, Jackson did not smoke, drink, or even play cards.  Without any question, Jackson was more virtuous, refined, God-fearing/worshipping, and honest than Grant.

Endless throngs will forever praise Grant's name for leading the winning charge against The Lost Cause -- a cause that, however you spin it, was ultimately rooted in the evils of slavery.  Even I, while I don't respect much about Grant's character, admire his military leadership, and am grateful to him for successfully securing that vital Union victory.

There is no question that Jackson was fighting on the wrong side of history, but if you had to do business with, or set your daughter up with Thomas or Hiram (Ulysses), whom would you choose?

An Alabama Infantryman Inexplicably Spares Colonel Chamberlain's Life



Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Colonel of the 20th Maine Infantry Regiment, cemented his hero's status while defending Little Round Top and preserving the extreme left flank of the Union line during the pivotal second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.  During his and his regiment's legendary heroics that day, Chamberlain was lucky enough to live to fight another day, other battles, rise in the ranks to Brevet Major General, receive the singular honor of accepting the Confederate flag of surrender at Appomattox Courthouse two years later, serve four terms as Governor of Maine, 12 years as President of Bowdoin College, raise a family, etc.  Death, brought on by lingering symptoms from wartime wounds, would not finally claim this courageous and intelligent man until 1914.

Chamberlain is, by virtually anyone's estimation, one of the finest soldiers who ever donned a uniform.  His character was circumspect, his courage was undaunted, and his patriotism was unquestioned.  One of my favorite stories about him tells of his attempt to sign up to fight in the Spanish American War -- at age 70!  The U.S. Army's declination of his request, due to his advancing years, was an event that Chamberlain called "one of the great disappointments of my life."

Was Chamberlain merely lucky to survive his famous heroics on Little Round Top and the hellish combat he encountered throughout the rest of the war?  Or was there perhaps something else at play.  I reprint the following story from Chamberlain's memoir -- Bayonets Forward! My Civil War Reminiscence -- after which you can make up your own mind on the matter.

MY LIFE HANGS ON AN IMPULSE

          "[During the Battle of Gettysburg], so far I had escaped.  How close an escape I had had I did not know till afterwards.  I think I may mention here, as a psychological incident, that some years after the war, I received a letter written in a homely but manly style by one subscribing himself "a member of the Fifteenth Alabama," in these words: 
          "Dear Sir: I want to tell you of a little passage in the battle of Round Top, Gettysburg, concerning you and me, which I am now glad of.  Twice in that fight I had your life in my hands.  I got a safe place between two rocks, and drew bead fair and square on you.  You were standing in the open behind the center of your line, full exposed.  I knew your rank by your uniform and your actions, and I thought it a mighty good thing to put you out of the way.  I rested my gun on the rock and took steady aim.  I started to pull the trigger, but some queer notion stopped me.  Then I got ashamed of my weakness and went through the same motions again.  I had you, perfectly certain.  But that same queer something shut right down on me.  I couldn't pull the trigger, and, gave it up--that is, your life.  I am glad of it now, and hope you are.  Yours Truly."
Source: Chamberlain, J.L. (1994). Bayonet! Forward: My Civil War Reminiscences. Stan Clark Military Books: Gettysburg, PA. Page 31.

School-Boy Pedophiles Cut Down on the Western Front


Years ago, I listened to an academic history about the life of the Christian author, C.S. Lewis (1899-1963), who spent time in combat and was wounded while fighting for the British Army on the Western Front.  The most memorable thing I took away from this learning experience was the following...

When Lewis was a young teenager away at boarding school, an extraordinarily sordid and licentious means of hazing was applied by some of the upperclassmen.  Their abuse involved the homosexual bullying of some of the "cuter underclassmen" who were referred to by their abusers as "Tarts."  In his retelling of this reprehensible memory, Lewis concluded the story by reporting that most of the perpetrators of these foul deeds were later killed by German machine gun fire at The Battle of the Somme -- The bloodiest battle in British military history -- a battle that would eventually claim a million and a half combined casualties.

Benefit 4:  War builds a generation well-prepared for future successes.

Prior to World War II, the United States was a growing world power.  However, when Hitler was wreaking havoc across Poland as well as Western and Northern Europe in 1939, the U.S. Military remained relatively small, and public opinion was firmly entrenched against the idea of becoming involved in another European-based war.  

Over time, American sympathy grew for the plight facing Britain, France, Russia, and other countries under Nazi siege.  These sympathies bolstered U.S. contributions of money, resources, and armaments to the Allied Powers.  However, it was not until the bombing of Pearl Harbor that America became fully committed to the conflict.

What happened next was -- and still is -- an unprecedented rise of an international military superpower.  In less than four years time, the United States went from having a military force of a few hundred thousand to the most powerful force the world had ever seen (and may ever see), with over 14 million men and women in uniform (10% of the population).  This combined force, along with its allies, had beaten back, neutralized, and ultimately defeated two of the most powerful military forces in world history, liberating nearly a dozen countries in the process.  It was an unprecedented achievement requiring the collective discipline, devotion, and dedication of an entire nation of 140 million people and her allies.

By August 1945, The United States of America was unquestionably a World Superpower.  And that was just the beginning of her remarkable rise.  The following two decades saw this remarkable fighting force return home and go to work, utilizing the same discipline, devotion, and dedication they had applied to the war effort to their endeavors to build a prosperous new life for themselves, their families, and their community.  With this kind of moral and practical capacity in tow, "The Greatest Generation," as Tom Brokaw famously dubbed them, paved the way for an unprecedented period of prosperity during the 1950s and 1960s.  In nearly every regard, America became the envy of the world and the moral leader during a time of rife suspicion and fear of nuclear holocaust with the world's other Superpower at that time--the Soviet Union.

Irony #3: The so-called "Greatest Generation" gives birth to the Baby Boom Generation

Ned Adams Jensen
1918-2004
My paternal grandfather was a member of the "Greatest Generation."  An Army radioman in the 118th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, 3rd U.S. Army, Ned Adams Jensen landed on Utah Beach during the initial Allied landings on Normandy.  He served in England, France, Luxembourg, and Germany before being honorably discharged from the Army on October 22, 1945.  Soon after, he returned to Monticello, Utah, where he met his first child and son (my Dad) for the first time.  Born October 20, 1943, my Dad was already two years old when he first met his dad.

Rex Buckley Jensen with his Dad, Ned
1945
As soon as my grandpa arrived home, Ned went to work in his father's grocery store.  A decade later, he built his own store -- Jensen's Food Town -- which he successfully ran until selling the store and retiring in 1982.  If you ask my own father the greatest single lesson he learned from his dad, he will tell you without hesitation: "He taught me how to work hard."  Most of his life, beginning as a child and continuing into his later 30s before Grandpa retired, my Dad worked in, and later, largely ran, Jensen's Food Town.  It became a cornerstone of his education and development.  It taught him worthwhile lessons he would successfully apply to other professional endeavors later in life.

Jensen's Food Town; Monticello, Utah.
Despite the remarkable war and post-war contributions made by "The Greatest Generation," and despite the remarkable legacy they passed on to their children, one of the great ironies of this generation is that they gave birth to the Baby Boomers.

Why is this ironic?  Because collectively speaking, the progeny of this so-called Greatest Generation chose to embrace many things widely considered anathema to their parents.  From illicit drug use and open sexual permissiveness to a widespread cultural questioning of the fundamental goodness of their country, Baby Boomers were, collectively speaking, eager to rebel against the very virtues that allowed their parents' generation to achieve legendary status after defeating the greatest forces of evil the world had ever seen, and then returning home to quietly build the greatest nation the world had ever known.

In their defense, the Baby Boomers did much to build upon the successes of their forbearers and perpetuate the freedoms and prosperity of collective Americana.  Their generation also produced important leaders, especially in the fields of technology and medicine (e.g., Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Ben Carson, etc.).

Our three most recent U.S. Presidents (Clinton, Bush, & Obama), who all served two terms, are also Baby Boomers (Obama may qualify as an older Generation X-er, depending on where you slice the dates), although plenty of questions remain regarding the overall efficacy or greatness of said leaders when measured against their 42 predecessors.

In the end, and unlike their parents' generation, which is almost universally venerated, the jury remains out on whether the Baby Boom Generation has collectively helped or hurt American society (despite the millions of individual Baby Boomers who have been fine, upstanding, honest, and hard working citizens).  All things considered, have the Baby-Boomer's collectively embraced mantra of "Sex, Drugs, and Rock'n'Roll" been good for America and the World?  I purposely choose not to try and answer this question and instead leave it open for further discussion.  Note: My mother is a Baby Boomer.  My father is also a Boomer, or a very young member of the Silent Generation (depending where you slice the dates).

The Very Real Existence of Evil


Freedom Focused holds that "Good" and "Evil" are not terms to be relegated to the figurative language of literature.  They are, in fact, very real forces that operate in the minds and hearts of real human beings, including, to varying degrees, you and me.  Because real evil exists, and always will in this world under its historical and present circumstances, insidious violence and unjust warfare will always exist--period.

John Adams famously remarked that "facts are stubborn things."  Postmodernists are perfidiously stubborn in their attempts to ignore the compelling fact that real evil exists in the world.  As such, they are hesitant, if not downright unwilling, to even utilize the term "Evil," since usage suggests existence, and their desire is to wish it away.  They believe themselves sophisticated and smart enough to figure out the "why" behind every human event, and to a postmodernist, evil in any real sense is almost always disqualified from being a legitimate variable in forming any kind of equation regarding "why."  They also believe themselves morally justified in deconstructing any evil doing on their own part, which has the benefits of opiating those inconvenient and churlish pulses of human conscience.

Click HERE to learn more about postmodernists and the postmodern period.

Click HERE to learn more about the AGE of AUTHENTICISM that has begun to eclipse postmodernism in the twenty-first century.    

This is just one of many reasons why postmodern political leaders will downplay the need for a strong, robust military.  After all, war is beginning to come to an end, because progressivism is enlightening collective humanity to the point that we are becoming too enlightened, sophisticated, and mature to engage in war -- at least not on a wide scale.  While history proved that the Great War was a far cry from "The War to End All Wars," postmodernists may argue that World War II sealed the deal.  They will further point to the military castration and other postmodern, progressive policies of much of Europe (the paragon of so-called sophisticated populaces) as evidence to support their theory.

I am not so sure.

In fact, I believe it is very possible that a third, major, world conflict -- on par with the two world wars of the past century -- is not only highly likely to occur in our lifetimes, but may even break within the next decade.

A primary premise for my belief that such a terrible conflict is not only in our future, but in the NEAR future is the research of generational scholars William Strauss and Neil Howe.  Famous for their scholarship on generations (past, present, and future), Strauss and Howe have conducted substantial research on what many others have already observed about the past: namely, that history is predictably cyclical such that you can, with some precision, begin to make reasonable projections about the future.

"There is a mysterious cycle in human events.  To some generations much is given.  Of other generations much is expected.  This generation has a rendezvous with destiny." 
~ Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1936

According to their research, the Millennial Generation is cyclically positioned in the same role as the later-depression/World War II era generation.  Since the cycles of history suggest that a major crisis breaks every 80 years or so, they are likely to face a national or world crisis/calamity on par with the crisis which faced "The Greatest Generation" in their youth (i.e. World War II).

When will this crisis/calamity break?  No one knows exactly, but Strauss and Howe put it right around the year 2020, give or take a few years.

Dubbed the "Crisis of 2020" these scholars project a prolonged period of trial and suffering that may last for up to a decade, beginning as early as 2013 and ending as late as 2029.  Based strictly on the historical evidence undergirding their premise for predictions, they suggest this period of turmoil will parallel the difficulties faced by Americans during The Civil War as well as the Great Depression and World War II.  In their own words:
"The Crisis of 2020 will be a major turning point in American history and an adrenaline-filled moment of trial.  At its climax, America will feel that the fate of posterity--for generations to come--hangs in the balance. ... This crisis will be a pivotal moment in the lifecycles of all generations alive at the time." 
Thankfully, Strauss and Howe are optimistic about our resolve to successfully combat the trials we will face in this period of dire refinement:
"The sense of community will be omnipresent.  Moral order will be unquestioned with 'rights' and 'wrongs' crisply defined and obeyed.  Sacrifices will be asked, and given.  America will be implacably resolved to do what needs doing, and fix what needs fixing."
Source: Strauss, W. & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584-2069.   Quill: New York, NY. Page 382. (p. 382).

Where will the conflict come from?  We don't know, and Strauss and Howe wisely avoid getting overly specific.  However, clues are already abounding around us.  First, there is ISIS and other Radical Islamic Extremist Terrorist groups that have succeeded in spreading their bone-chilling brand of terror to many corners of the Globe.  Next there is the rise of Russia and China as co-sub superpowers beneath the United States -- all while NATO countries (including the U.S.) throughout the West continue along a pathway of seemingly intentional military and economic decline.  If that weren't enough, there remains the perennial threat of insanity coming out of North Korea as well as the nuclear rise of Iran.  While a specific "Axis of Evil" may not be congealing as clearly as it did in the 1930s, let us remember that "hindsight is 20/20," meaning historians will always be a LOT smarter than present policy-makers.

William Strauss and Neil Howe could be wrong.  One of the most important things I have learned about studying history is this: a clear understanding of history does not make you a clairvoyant caller of the future.  I personally do not claim to be a prophet, nor do I wish for untold calamities to rain down on my family, friends, neighbors, or myself.  As such, in some ways, I hope that Strauss and Howe are wrong.


In other ways, however, I cannot help but reflect on the potential positive developments that can arise from the ashes of terrible conflicts.  War is always horrendously hellish to each individual, home, community, and nation it scars.  There is no wishing away that fact.  Yet for some individuals, and certainly for some collective populaces, the trials by fire that come from war can also engender some of the richest relationships, the most cherished memories, and the most important personal growth and character development of their lives, thus providing the ashes from whence future growth springs forth, allowing the phoenix to rise again to achieve even greater heights in the future.  Holding onto such moments of crises can even be a means of holding on period for some.  In the words of M. Scott Peck:
"Community develops naturally only in response to crisis.  So it is that strangers in the waiting room of an intensive care unit will rapidly come to share with each other their deepest fears and joys ... Or within hours of an earthquake ... normally self-centered wealthy adolescents will be working hand in hand with poor laborers in around-the-clock sacrificial love. ... 
"The only problem is that as soon as the crisis passes, so does the community.  As a result, there are millions of people who are mourning their lost crises.  I can guarantee you that this Saturday night, if not this Thursday night, there will be tens of thousands of old men in VFW and American Legion clubs drinking themselves silly, mourning the days of World War II.  They remember those days with such fondness because even though they were cold and wet and in danger, they experienced a depth of community and meaning in their lives that they have never quite been able to recapture since." 
Source: Peck, M.S. (1993). Further Along the Road Less Traveled: The Unending Journey Toward Spiritual Growth. Simon & Schuster: New York.  P. 145-146.

Perhaps one of the moral prerequisites of ridding our world of war is learning to create authentic communities that successfully operate and maintain their full vitality in times of peace as well as crisis.  Until then, maybe we need, if not war, at least other menacing crises and perplexing crucibles that can spur our growth and polish and refine our capacities.  I do not want to fight a war.  I would much rather spend my time and effort building something than tearing it down--even if I am compelled to participate in necessary means of destruction in the pursuit of justifiable self- and national defense.

What I do know for a fact is that evil -- real evil -- exists in the world today just as certainly as it did at any other point throughout human history.  As a result, war, on one level or another, will continue indefinitely into the future until the fundamental makeup of humanity and its fatally flawed collective leadership receives a holistic moral transplantation.  Unfortunately, I have no confidence that any mortal being could possibly engender such a welcomed coup.

Christian believers hold out hope for the second coming of Jesus Christ to remedy this seeming catch 22.  Atheists and progressives, two terms that have become increasingly synonymous, hold out hope for the ultimate evolution of the human mind and heart into a species advanced enough to reject war moving forward.  For non-believing scientists, the former option is a fairy tale.  To thoughtful historians and astute scholars of the past, the latter option is a first-class ticket to fantasyland.  Other camps hold other views on the subject.

Whichever camp you choose to anchor your tent, we would all be wise to heed the wisdom of Jesus (at least as philosopher), who taught that preparation is an antidote to fear.  President Roosevelt claimed that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.  I'm not so sure.  I think that the evil impulses inside of us all -- and the untold collateral damage resulting from yielding thereto -- are both real things we ought to fear badly enough to motivate our waging war against them until they become extinct.  We must wage this internal war continually, not only for the sake of self-preservation, but also for the sake of collective continuation, authentic community, and progress.  Moreover, we should also fear external evil sufficiently to motivate prudential preparation to defend our lives, liberty, families, communities, states, nation, and world at any cost--even if that cost demands the sacrifice of our own lives.

How do we Prepare?

Strauss & Howe provide some excellent counsel about what you as an individual -- as well as what We the People -- can do to prepare for the epic upcoming trial and crisis they predict is coming.  Here are the points they make, which we at Freedom Focused believe are worth reiterating:

Recommendations for the Preparation of We the People


* Prepare values: Forge the consensus and uplift the culture, but don't expect near-term results.

* Prepare institutions: Clear the debris and find out what works, but don't try building anything big.

* Prepare politics: Define challenges bluntly and stress duties over rights, but don't attempt reforms that can't be accomplished now.

* Prepare society: Require community teamwork to solve local problems, but don't try this on a national scale.

* Prepare youth: Treat children as the nation's highest priority, but don't do their work for them.

* Prepare elders: Tell future elders they will need to be more self-sufficient, but don't attempt deep cuts in benefit to current elders.

* Prepare the economy: Correct fundamentals, but don't try to fine tune current performance.

* Prepare the defense: Expect the worst and prepare to mobilize, but don't precommit to any one response.

Collective preparation always begins with Individuals.

Recommendations for the Preparation of You and I as Individuals


* Return to the classic virtues.

* Build personal relationships of all kinds.

* Prepare yourself (and your children) for teamwork.

* Look to your family for support.

* Gird for the weakening or collapse of public support mechanisms.

* Diversify everything you do.

Source: Strauss, W. & Howe, N. (1997). The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America's Next Rendezvous with Destiny. New York: Broadway Books. Chapter 11, pages 312-321.

Freedom Focused exists on the premise that individual preparation and success is prerequisite to collective preparation and success, not to mention wide-scale mobilization required to successfully meet the challenges of daily life and meet crises of all sizes that inevitably crop up along the way.  Our entire focus is the development of capable, confident, and self-reliant human beings who develop circumspect character and lead their lives according to principles of holistic integrity.

Our objective is to empower individuals to wage war on the "enemy within," which, in the long-run, is a fiend far more fearsome than any external foe we might face on the battlefields of life (real or figurative).

For more information about how you can prepare yourself for personal, professional, and global challenges you are sure to face in the future, as well as do your bit to assist your families, neighborhoods, communities, cities, states, and nations in preparing for crucibles to come, we invite you to buy and read Dr. Jordan Jensen's new book: Self-Action Leadership: The Key to Personal, Professional, & Global Freedom.    

Note: Freedom Focused is a non-partisan, for-profit, educational corporation.  As such, we do not endorse or embrace political figures.  We do, however, comment from time-to-time on historical or political events that provide pedagogical backdrops to illuminating principles contained in the SAL Theory & Model.

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Egypt-A Country of Our Ancient History of Dealing With a Pharaoh: MOSES-The 1st Deal Closer

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                
Pharaoh Rameses II, played by Yul Brynner in THE TEN COMMANDMENTS of 1956
Lived from 1300-1234 BCE-  or some say Reigned from 1279 to 1213 BCE-
Moses lived from 1391-1271 BCE
It is believed Rameses II  had 50 sons and 50 daughters.  

Our Biblical Jewish history involving Egypt takes place in Egypt's Middle Kingdom in the 18th-16th century BCE.  Some commentators have said it was from the 11th to 17 dynasty of rulers from 2500 to 1587 BCE.   Joseph, 11th son son of Jacob  and Rachel's 1st,. was bought  by Potiphar, chief of Pharaoh's household as the Chief of Pharaoh's bodyguard, . in Egypt as a slave.  .
                                                                             
Buying Joseph from brothers
 Joseph had been  sold to an Ishmaelite camel train heading for Egypt from his jealous older brothers, and so he arrived there earlier than the rest of his family.  He wound up serving one of the Hyksos kings who were invaders or "princes" of the desert, as they called themselves, Bedouins from the Arabian desert.  Their dominion was later described as terrible, but they had restored and enlarged the temples, encouraged learning and could not have destroyed any of the previous Egyptian monuments since we have been able to view them ourselves.
                                       
Joseph must have been 2nd in command.  The Hyksos ruled Egypt, then were expelled by the founder of the 18th dynasty in 1587 BCE.  It happened not long after the death of Joseph when the Hyksos were driven back into Asia.  The Egyptian throne was regained by a native ruler who was the founder of the 18th Dynasty.
                                                                                 
Egypt's Old Kingdom had been made up of the 1st 10 dynasties of pyramid builders, ending in 2500 BCE

Egypt's 3rd period was called the New Kingdom which continued to the end of the 20th dynasty in 1100 BCE.  After that, it came under Lybian, Persian (Iran), Macedonian (Greek) and Roman rule.                                                                
 Cleopatra was queen of Egypt during the Macedonian period. and Roman rule.    "She was the last of the Macedonian Greek dynasty that ruled Egypt from the time of Alexander the Great's death in 323 BCE to about 30 BCE. "
                                                                   
The Pharaoh Moses came in contact with has been identified by the majority of scholars as the tyrannical Rameses II who lived between 1300-1234 BCE or 1347-1280 BCE.  Rameses was a vain and boastful character who wished to dazzle posterity by covering the land with constructions so that his name was engraved thousands of times on them.  He prided himself in his inscriptions upon great conquests which he never made.
                                                                               
Prince Khaemwase, a son of Rameses II
The EXODUS is thought to have taken place under his son, Menremptah, who began the decline of Egypt.  Menremptah/Menephtah was an obstinate and vain despot.  He also had the habit of claiming as his own the achievements of others.  He was one of the most unconscionable usurpers and defacers of the monuments of his predecessors, including those of his own father, who had set him the example.  This all comes from the insane desire to perpetuate their own memory.
                                                                       
Parting of Sea with Egyptian soldiers chasing after them
Again, some scholars disagree with this selection of Pharaohs.  They say the EXODUS happened in the century preceding Rameses II and connect it with the religious revolution of Amenophis IV, or Ikhnaton in 1383-1365 BCE.  This man abolished the many deities of the Egyptian Pantheon and devoted himself to just the worship of the Sun.
                                                                           
Pharaoh Ikhnaton
He was called the Heretic King.  He moved his capital from Thebes to the modern Tell-el-Amarna in Middle Egypt.  His reformation was a failure and he died in about 1350 BCE amidst curses from his subjects.  The capital was returned to Thebes, and the place where he had lived was abandoned because it was regarded as haunted by evil demons.  As a result of this belief, the complete royal archives, his own and his father's diplomatic correspondence were preserved in the ruins of Tell-el-Amarna, where they were found 3,200 years later in 1887.

These scholars see a connection between the faith of the Israelites and the solar monotheism of Ikhnaton, and that Israelite influence was partly responsible for this assault on the idolatry of Egypt, which was highly disliked by the multitude.  Ikhnaton was hated by the people as a heretic king.  His son-in-law, Tut-ankhamen, abandoned his idea of a single god who they said was the Sun.
                                                                           
Tutankhamun
  Tut succeeded him as Pharaoh.  The Sun god ideal was uprooted by Haremrab, the last Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.  The native religion of many gods was restored and that's when the Israelites suffered from persecution and degradation.
                                                                             
Other Egyptologists go back to another century to Thotmes III (1503-1449 BCE) and think he was the Pharaoh.  This is on the basis of the movements of the Israelites from Egypt with the movements of the Habiri people in the Amarna age and believe that the recently discovered inscriptions on the Sinai Peninsula favor this theory.  The Habiri were a nomad people mentioned in the Tell-el-Amarna Tablets as making war upon the Canaanite towns and population.

The name "ISRAEL" is alleged to occur on an inscription of Menremptah, discovered in 1896, and is a song of triumph of Menremptah, describing in grandiloquent language his victories in Canaan; and among other conquests, he boasts that "Canaan is seized with every evil; Ashkelon is carried away;  Gezer is taken;  Yenoam is annihilated;  Ysiraal is desolated, its seed is not."   From this the scholars thought that the Israelites must in those days have been in possession of Canaan; that that, the EXODUS must have taken place long before the time of Menremptah.  The question came up about the  name-Ysiraal and if it meant-Israel.  A Professor Jampel  said that if it meant Israel, then it referred to the settlements in Canaan by Israelites from Egypt before the Exodus.  In Chronicles I, we see that during the generations preceding the 400 years spent as slaves in Egypt , known as THE OPPRESSION,  the Israelites didn't stay confined to Goshen or even to Egypt proper, but spread into the southern Canaan territory, then under Egyptian control, and that they even engaged in skirmishes with the Philistines.

When the 600,000 Israelites had left Egypt and were wandering in the Wilderness, these Israelite settlers had thrown off their Egyptian allegiance.  It is these settlements which Menremptah boasts of having devastated during his Canaantie campaign.  There is no reason for thinking that the Pharaoh of the Oppression was not Rameses II, with his son Menremptah as the Pharaoh of the Exodus.  

Update:  Jacob and his family settled in the city of Rameses or Raamses in the Nile Delta as told in Genesis 47:11, 27.  Their descendants were compelled to build storehouses for the Egyptian king.  Rameses was the point of departure for the Exodus as told in Exodus 12:37 "The Children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth."  There were 600,000 adult males-which, allowing for women, children and elderly men, indicates a total population of about 3 million.  .  It was formerly thought to be the city of Pelusion on the Delta border, but now modern scholars identify it with another site further south.  

Resource: Pentateuch and Haftorahs Volume I, edited by Dr. J.H. Hertz, Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, published by Oxford University Press, 1929-1936.  , signed march 29, 1941pages 394-395.
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia