Affichage des articles dont le libellé est Ottoman Empire. Afficher tous les articles
Affichage des articles dont le libellé est Ottoman Empire. Afficher tous les articles

BDS Founder and Lobbyist for BDS, Omar Barghouti

Nadene Goldfoot                                        

This nice-looking 52 year old Omar Barghouti, born in 1964 in Qatar, is a co- founder and lobbyist for BDS against Israel.  His comment on this is, "Definitely, most definitely, we oppose a Jewish state in any part of "Palestine."  

BDS is a calculated and cynical strategy based on lies about Israel.  It's just another missile they are dropping on the whole 8,000 square miles which is only 20% of the original accepted size of the Jewish Homeland by the League of Nations and the UN by all the members.  As you see, Barghouti doesn't even recognized Israel.  He still calls the land the Roman name of Palestine. and is opposed to its existence.
                                                                         
Israeli girl enjoying Tel Aviv's beach. Barghouti is even against exporting
Israeli dance groups for culture.  No one can work for Israel and
 no one can enjoy anything from Israel.  That's BDS.

Tel Aviv-Warmer than Seaside, Oregon for sure.  Friday, June 3rd is to be 90 Degrees, 72
for a low.  Perfect for a dip in the Mediterranean Sea.  Shabbat will go up to 94
and 74 for a low.  This is in F.  Humidity is 60%.  
  Why would this Qatarian-born engineer want to follow the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas's charter of not accepting the only Jewish state in the world from being whence it came from?  He grew up in Egypt and when an adult, moved to Jaffa, which could have been in 1985, when I returned to the USA from Israel.   

Jaffa is joined with Tel Aviv.  It had been a Jewish port at the time of Jerusalem's take-over by the Romans in 70 CE.  Arab riots forced Jews to move to Tel Aviv, founded as a suburb of Jaffa.  In 1946 the population of Jaffa was 101,000 of which 30% were Jews.  The Arab sections of Jaffa capitulated on May 14, 1948 when Israel announced its birth, and almost all the Arabs then left, their places being taken by new immigrants.  Finally, Jaffa was joined with Tel Aviv into one city called Tel Aviv-Jaffa.  The port was closed in 1965.  One quarter has become an artists' colony, similar to the one in Safed.
                                                                             
Caterpillar tractor Co outlawed in BDS in Israel.  
He has the chutzpa to be studying at Tel Aviv University.  He has a master's degree in philosophy (ethics) from the university already, and is working on a PhD.  He had already received his master's in electrical engineering from Columbia University in New York,  USA.   It is notable that though there has been a petition with over 184,000 signatures to be expelled for his BDS goal, the university has refused.    His comment to the Associated Press was that "Palestinians cannot possibly observe the same boycott guidelines as asked of internationals, and that indigenous population is entitled to all services they can get from the system."

Evidently Barghouti touts that his parents were Palestinians, which is a lie.  His parents live in Jordan.  His parents were shocked when he left the United States where he lived as an adult and took his wife to live in Ramallah in 1993. It's possible his grandparents were some of the Arabs from surrounding states that entered "Palestine"  in the 1880's, coming because Russian and Romanian Jews had returned escaping the Pogroms of Russia and deciding that after 2,000 years, it was time to return to their homeland.  They had joined Jews whose ancestors had  never left the land, Sabras, and were building Tel Aviv, and the Arabs needed work, so came and worked for them.  Whereas the Bible is the history of Jews living in the Jewish homeland of Israel, showing the world that they were there, and following history has recorded the Roman occupation that caused the destruction of the Temple and of Jerusalem, the Palestinians have no such record of ever having a state of Palestine.  Palestine was the name the Romans gave to Israel in 135 and they had beaten the Jewish General,  Bar Bakhba after a 3 year war over Jerusalem.  They were so angry that they named the land after the ancient  Jewish enemies, the Phillistines.
                                                                         
1920's map of the Jewish Homeland out of Palestine.  Israel was to be 120,466 sq km which is
46,512.1826 miles.  What Jews got is an  Israel of  8,000 sq. miles, 20% of the promised land.  
Ruled by a slew of different emperors, the land finally had been under the Ottoman Empire for 400 years, and the Turks lost it to the Allies by siding with the Germans in WWI.  In 1917 it was under British mandate, and it had been decided to be land of the Jewish Homeland once again.

He opposes the 2 state solution and calls Israel an apartheid state, saying, "from now on, it will be acceptable to compare Israel's apartheid system to its South African predecessor.   As a consequence, proposing practical measures to punish Israeli institutions for their role in the racist and colonial policies of their state will no longer be considered beyond the pale."   He is really stubborn, as it is proven over and over that there is no comparison between the Palestinians and the Blacks of South Africa.  Israel has been the opposite of being apartheid.  He nevertheless, holds to his lie.

Samir El-Youssef, born in 1965,  thinks that Barghouti's "true peace based on justice" is that Israel must be punished, brought down to its knees, before a Palestinian is allowed to greet an Israeli in the street.  Samir El-Youssef is a Palestinian-British writer and critic, who was born in Rashidieh, a Palestinian refugee camp in southern Lebanon, where he lived until he was ten, before moving to Sidon, Lebanon. "  Ending the Israeli "occupation" in the "West Bank" (Judea and Samaria) will not end the BDS movement actions because the majority of Palestinians are refugees who live in exile and have a right to return to live in Israel. or Palestine, as they would rename it" he said. 

Barghouti has written a book which Joel Fishman of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs  read for a review and discovered that he felt that Palestinians had inalienable right to the land, while those rights of the Jews had been acquired, no matter that Jews had received international recognition.  According to Barghouti, Palestinians have more equal rights than Jews.  Historically, Barghouti is way off, as this is not true at all.  Needless to say, there never has been a state of Palestine.  The Palestinians were people living on the land after 135 CE, both Arab and Jew; people who had been under the Ottoman Empire, and Jews had never left the land.  There as always been Jews living on the land.  

How is it that so many universities full of college-aged students who should be learning to do research for papers, etc, and countries  go along with this BDS act which is completely anti-Semitic?  It's not based on any historic truth.  Even the New York Daily News in February 2013 responded to Barghouti's published opinion piece supporting his own Boycott, divestment and Sanctions movement, came out with an editorial saying that Barghouti was a skilled propagandist and that he piled falsehood upon falsehood to present Israel as relentlessly oppressing Palestinians in violation of human decency and held Israel completely responsible for the ills afflicting them.  The newspaper told that what Barghouti wanted was a secular democratic state built on an influx of ARABS who come to dominate the population and vote on an end to Israel as a Jewish nation.        
                                                                 Roberta P. Seid, PhD. Dr. Roberta P. Seid, an historian, is Education & Research Director of StandWithUs and has taught a course on Israel at the University of California, Irvine. 

Roberta Seid described his speech at UCLA as bringing hate and was an anti-Israel show.. A rabbi, perhaps not a member of J Street, , stormed out declaring, "This is anti-Semitic!"  The rabbi had wanted to challenge Barghouti's statement  about Jewish communities and was turned down.  Roberta noted that Barghouti also denied a right to self-determination of the Jewish people.  He said that Jews were not a people and denied that they had collective rights.                                                                           
What Palestinian Arabs have been teaching in their schools.  

 Barghouti stated: that" BDS is a non-violent human rights movement that seeks freedom, justice and equality for the Palestinian people, based on international law and universal principles of human rights.  As such, BDS has consistently and categorically rejected all forms of discrimination and racism, including anti-Semitism as well as dozens of racist laws in Israel." 

The destruction of the BDS movement is actually harming the Palestinians that they say they are helping.  On February 29, SodaStream, an Israeli company, had to shut down their factor in Judah and let go its last 75 Palestinian workers.  The BDS had a ferocious campaign against SodaStream and its spokeswoman, Scarlett Johansson.  The company, in Ramallah,  had 1,300 workers, 500 of which were Arabs  from Judea.   They had been treated well by the fair-minded Israeli firm and now are out of work.  It's isn't like there are other places to work, there.  SodaStream moved to the Negev Desert  area. 
                                                                               
 Ramallah was the city SodaStream was located in, which is 10 km (6 miles) north of Jerusalem at an average elevation of 880 meters above sea level.  Think; 6 miles from Jerusalem and this is Judah, the ancient site of Israel.  Many people can walk for 6 miles.  It's 5 minutes by car.  This close, and Jews are suffering from BDS because some Jews chose to live there.  " Ramallah was part of the West Bank territory taken by Arab forces in the first of the Arab-Israeli wars (1948–49) and subsequently annexed by Jordan. That's how it did not come into Israel in 48.  Situated on the crest of the Judaean Hills at an elevation of 2,861 feet (872 metres) above sea level, Ramallah, with its fine summer breezes, has long been a popular resort site.  According to the special census of the West Bank taken by Israel in 1967, Ramallah’s population was 12,134, only slightly more than half Christian, while that of Al-Bīrah, including a large refugee camp, was 13,037. Pop. (2005 est.) Ramallah and Al-Bīrah, 62,800."  It has more than doubled.  

Florida is among the first states to reject BDS efforts who  want punitive actions against Israel.  They realize that what is needed is bilateral negotiations between Israel and the PA  This means Abbas has to come to the table, and how many times has he sided and melded himself to Hamas terrorism who are against Israel's existence?  Dozens by now.    

If you are one to believe what you are told, no matter what, that the sky is orange and not blue and you believe this, you are one prone to believe that BDS is okay.  Why is it that only a few people have realized that the BDS movement is harmful?  Why aren't  our students thinking and analyzing facts?  What is it that the universities are teaching?  Mind control?  I've given up thinking that Barghouti is learning anything at the university in Israel.  He must be just thinking about his future vision of Israel; Palestinian take-over and teaching his ideas in class, instead.  

Our Congress has a  bill written to combat BDS Act of 2016.  I hope it passes.  Then states can stand up and be against such a weapon.  The decision will be most interesting when it reaches President Obama's desk.  Will he sign?  Our congress is divided and at least half follows in his footsteps.  This is how many of our representatives , senators a way to fight against BDS and its goal of eliminating the one and only Jewish state.  Don't be deceived by it's leader's goals of doing just this.  
Any relation?  Marwan Hasib Ibrahim Barghouti, born in 1959,  is a Palestinian political figure convicted and imprisoned for murder by an Israeli court. He is regarded as a leader of the First and Second Intifadas.  Israeli authorities have called Barghouti a terrorist, accusing him of directing numerous attacks, including suicide bombings, against civilian and military targets alike. Barghouti was arrested by Israel Defense Forces in 2002 in Ramallah .  He was born in Kobar, west bank of Jordan- no doubt our ancient  Judah.  He was a member of Fatah.    Wikipedia

Mustafa Barghouti, born 1954,  is a Palestinian doctor and activist in that he was a member of al Mubadara-General Secretary of Palestine National Initiative.  He graduated from Stanford.  He was a member of the PLO as well.  One source has described him as being born in Bait Rima on the West Bank, although Barghouti himself has said that he was born in Jerusalem.  Barghouti's family is from Bani Zeid, a village about 15 miles from Ramallah, neit Birzeit. He grew up in Ramallah and his father was the municipal engineer for the nearby village of Al-Bireh.   Barghouti has said that his family “has always been very political, very active,” noting that under the Mandate, his grandfather and great-uncle “were jailed by the British.” He has said that he “grew up surrounded by internationalist, progressive literature,” and has described his family’s politics as always being “shaped by opposition to social injustice, rather than by nationalism.” His father, he has noted, “used to speak to us of his Jewish comrades in Tiberias or Acre.” 



The BDS movement was launched on July 9, 2005 when a broad alliance of more than 170 Palestinian political parties, trade unions, refugee networks, NGOs and grassroots associations published an open boycott call to international civil society organizations and people of conscience. It called to “impose broad boycotts and implement divestment initiatives against Israel similar to those applied to South Africa in the apartheid era,” Barghouti says. “Today, the global BDS movement is led by the largest coalition in Palestinian society, the BDS National Committee (BNC).”

Resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Barghouti
AJC Global Jewish Advocacy on BDS, David Harris www.ajc.org/actnow
http://www.dafka.org/news/index.php?pid=4&id=1120
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/01/sodastream-lays-off-last-palestinian-workers-after-leaving-west-bank
http://www.algemeiner.com/2016/05/31/sodastream-ceo-to-improve-your-companys-sales-get-attacked-by-bds-movement/
http://jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com/2014/02/oxfams-part-in-boycotting-goods-from.html
http://israel-nadene.blogspot.com/2011/01/security-barrier-in-judea-samaria.html  I mentioned a Mustafa Barghouti in this article.  Any relation?  

What Happened to Jews of Vienna, Austria, "capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire"

Nadene Goldfoot                                                  
Vienna, Austria  to Athens, Greece

The Eastern Roman Empire had its capital in Constantinople, Turkey, an empire which extended far and wide by the year 637, including Palestine.  Justinian (527-65) had elaborate anti-Jewish laws in his Code, issued a decree in 553 which interfered with the conduct of the synagogue services!  Heracleius in 614 issued an edict ordering the conversion of the Jews.  Then the practice of Judaism was forbidden by the next emperors; Leo in 723, Basil 1 in 873-874; by Romanus Lucapenus in 932-6, and this last decree finds Jews living in Vienna.  The fledgling Christians were so quick to come down on the heads of the Jews, but slow to turn Europe onto their religion.  It's been about 900 years since Jesus had died and the religion was just catching on and even then contained many pagan elements.

Before Vienna had embraced Christianity and accepted Jews into their land as well, religion was pagan.  "A raid made in the Lower Danube region in the  830s is the earliest event which can unequivocally be connected to the Hungarians.   Muslim sources described the Hungarians as star- and fire-worshipers.   Vessels holding food and drink found in thousands of pre-Christian burials evidence the Hungarians' traditional belief in afterlife.   Prohibitions incorporated in Christian regulation also suggest that pagan Hungarians made sacrifices at groves and springs.  What went on in Hungary most likely was true of Vienna.  

Jews were living in Vienna in the early 900s even though  at the same time, Christianity was being introduced into the land of Hungary and Austria by  Byzantine Christianity.   Steps towards the adoption of the new faith were taken by Géza, the head of the Hungarian tribal federation (c. 972–997) who supported Western missionaries. The reception of Christianity was enforced by legislationing the reign of Géza's son, Stephen I (997–1038). Some tenets of pagan belief were incorporated into the Christian vocabulary of the Hungarian language.  Hungary and Vienna were neighbors.  "Stephen  was crowned the first King of Hungary in 1000 or 1001 after he had defeated his pagan opponent, Koppány, the oldest member of the Árpád dynasty. 

 Even so, Jews received a special dwelling quarter near the ducal palace and were permitted to live in houses elsewhere in the city early on.  This was even before some Jews became helpers of the court.  
                                                                         
Rabbi Samson Wertheimer, my DNA relativeRabbi Wertheimer (1658-1724) was a court Jew, born in Worms, Rhineland/Germany,  and court Jews were especially prominent in the Vienna court. Rabbi Wertheimer had gone to Vienna in 1684 to join the bank of his uncle, Samuel Oppenheimer, and soon became a court banker.  His uncle Samuel Oppenheimer was a banker and he lived with him.  Even Court Jews were not allowed to live in Vienna.  Jews were exclused from all classic trades and handicrafts to make a living.  This forced them to deal with money lending.  

After all, Jews had a special place in Vienna, being court Jews in the 1600-1700s  who had loaned money to the Emperors to keep in business.  "Court Jews enjoyed special privileges;  were exempted from wearing the Jewish badge and could live anywhere, maintaining the necessary Jewish religious functionaries in their place of residence."   To think that ALL Jews except these who loaned money to the emperors, had to wear a badge is disgusting.  That's the position, that of a 2nd or 3rd class citizen, Jews were in.  The court Jews used their position to try to help their brethren.  The contribution of industrial production and commerce to the Austrian economy led to the decision to allow Jews to acquire property.  

By the 1200s, the Jewish position had worsened under pressure from the burghers, and a ghetto was instituted.  by 1406, the Jewish quarter was burnt, and in 1421 Jews were killed or expelled as the result of a ritual Murder accusation.  However, some Jews did live here in the 1500s.  

Along came the 1600s, that had some familiarity to the USAs 2001.  "Sept. 11 + 12 1683 spelt the victory of Western Christendom at the gates of Vienna against an overwhelming Islamic Ottoman Empire. "It pitted the Islamic nemesis led by Kara Mustafa, the Vizier of Sultan Mehmet IV, and the Ottoman forces consisting of Jannisaires and Tartars totalling 120,000, including some traitorous Protestant and Calvinistic allies from Europe, against the Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire led by Count Ernst Rudiger Von Staremberg of Austria along with Charles V (Duke of Lorraine) and Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor) and with Polish king, Jan Sobieski III, spearheading the final attack.  

This was also the era of the Court Jews of which I have found to have had relatives who were a part of it.  Jews in this period who maintained trade connections with Poland, Italy and Turkey, but found themselves in hot water again and were banished  in 1670!  After 1675 they dared to return again, this time with a special license after 1675, but no synagogue could be established until 1826.  
                                                                 
Vienna's Ringstrasse 
Jews participated in the 1848 revolution and finally received equal rights in 1867.  Before, Jews who wanted to live in Vienna had to pay a "tolerance tax" and had no rights whatsoever.                                                                     
Born: August 18, 1830 in Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died November 21, 1916 at age 86 in same place as birth

                                   
Franz Joseph I  was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia.
He ruled from December 2, 1848 to November 21, 1916. 
 Lots went on sale in May 1860 but by February Franz Josef issued a decree permitting Jews to purchase and own land and homes for the 1st time.  Why?  He needed cash to finance the project of building!  Affluent Jews bought lots and invested fortunes in erecting palaces , thinking this was the beginning of a new era for cooperation between Jews and Christians.  Now they could even be like the nobility from the inner city.  55% of the Ringstrasse lots were sold to 44% of the Jews. Until then, only rich Jews could afford to live in Vienna who had no real-estate holdings.  
                                                                     
Ringstrasse, where wealthy Jews were able to build luxurious homes.  

Young Emperor Franz Josef I  dreamed up building the Ringstrassse, which  was a building constructed in 1872 on a wide, ring-shaped boulevard because the emperor wanted to connect the inner city with the outer districts of Vienna.  He demolished the medieval walls and fortifications to build on the cleared land.  

 Many became prominent in political, economic, cultural and scholastic life of the city in the 19th and 20th centuries.  In 1866, Austria was defeated by the Prussian army  in the 7 Weeks' War which led to the weakening of the monarchy but brought about the liberal constitution of 1867 that granted freedom and abolished legal discrimination against Jews.  "Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was transformed via the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in the following year.  Additionally,  Austria was also excluded from Germany."                                                                                   
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) born in Budapest, Hungary,
studied in Vienna (1878-1884), founder of Political Zionism.  1891-1895
was a Paris reporter and Dryfus trial caused him to realize position of Jews;
wrote book, THE JEWISH STATE. Der Judenstaat.  

ANTI-SEMITISM was spread from the 1880s under Karl Lueger (1844-1910). He was an  Austrian politician, mayor of Vienna, and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party.  He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city.   At the same time, this is when Jews from Russia were returning to Palestine with the new proponent by Theodor Herzl of Vienna of Zionism.  

In February 1908, Hitler moved to Vienna  with the goal of attending the art academy and becoming a great artist.   Sixty years before him, Hitler's father also came to Vienna seeking opportunity. At that time the Hapsburg Empire was ruled by Emperor Franz Josef. When Adolf Hitler arrived, it was still ruled by him, although he was now senile and under the influence of corrupt ministers.  His empire, which had ruled Austria and surrounding countries for centuries, was now in great decline.  Vienna, however, remained a city of opportunity and attracted a multicultural population from all over the empire.

WWI of 1914-1918 found Jewish  refugees from Galicia, Hungary and Bukovina coming into Vienna.  At this time there were 17 synagogues in Vienna with one being Sephardic.  

The flourishing Jewish chapter in Vienna’s history has found a sinister ending,  with the annexation in 1938 when there were 180,000 Jews living in the capital.  Germany, led by Hitler and his Nazis, had invaded Austria.  A ferocious persecution of Jews began immediately.  About 1/3 of the Jews managed to emigrate, but almost all the rest were being deported to extermination camps.    Of Vienna’s 94 synagogues and temples,  only the Jewish City Temple survived entirely.  After WWII, survivors from Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia went to Vienna.  Nowadays the Jewish Community has about 7000 members in Vienna and has found its home in the second district.   The Central Synagogue is situated in Seitenstettengasse in the First District. "  The Jewish population in 1991 was 6,000 in Vienna.  
                                                                                       
Jewish victims from Hungary; 6 million altogether
who perished in the Holocaust
" Vienna remained  the capitol of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries." Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism,  is still the predominant religion in Austria and has a long and intense tradition.
                                                                             
Pope Pius XI (1922–1939). Warsaw, Poland forced his departure as Nuncio. Two years later, he was pope. He signed concordats with numerous countries, including Lithuania and Poland. On March 12, 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Hitler had marched in with his Nazis. Austrian crowds cheered them.   From about 1929 to 1939, Germans were outwardly anti-Semitic towards Jews.  Did he not see it coming?  Warsaw in 1939 had 360,000 Jews. It was in October 1940 that the occupying Germans established a crowded ghetto for Polish Jews, reaching 1/2 million in the ghetto.   

 Pope Pius XI, born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939. He was in Poland,  a state newly restored to existence, but still under effective German and Austro-Hungarian control, before becoming the Pope.   He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929.                                                                             
Pope Pius XII seated in the Sedia Gestatoria in 1939 the year my Jewish uncle finally 
got out of Germany in May
 and sailed to the USA, one of the last to be able to leave.

 Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,  reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958.   The German/Soviet invasion of Catholic Poland  began during his term.  Hitler appointed a new Nazi government, and on March 13 the Anschluss was proclaimed.  Austria existed as a federal state of Germany until the end of World War II.  Pius XII reiterated Church teaching on the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision".   The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious error".  Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war.  The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants. 

Some Jews had tried to escape after May  to go south and hope to cross the Black Sea by 

ship to Palestine.  On December 30, 1939, a river boat, Uranus, had 1,210 Jews who had left 

Vienna and Prague  in November..  The Danube began to freeze over, and Yugoslav government 

did not allow boats to proceed to get to Palestine.  They were held in Yugoslavia for 9 months.  

There, early in 1940, 207 teenagers were saved by receiving Palestine certificates and were

allowed to proceed by train, but the remaining 1,003 were massacred at Sabac in October 1941,

within 6 months of the German conquest of Yugoslavia.  (made into a film) (‘The Darien Dilemma’ - a film by Erez & Nahum Laufer)
 
Just think.  Equal rights came in 1867, but anti-Semitism began in 1880; giving Jews 13 years supposedly of normality.  Then from 1918 to 1938 they suffered from unrest with anti-Semitism building up in the 20s and 30s till 1938 came.  The Jews never had a chance.  "At the 2001 census, 73.6% of the country's population was Roman Catholic."

Resource:  http://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2016/01/jews-from-austria.html
http://goldfoot_genealogy.blogspot.com/2015/07/were-from-court-jews-of-vienna.html
The Jerusalem Report, August 24, 2015, Waltzing on ringstrasse by Michal Levertov, p. 40-43
The New Standard Jewish encyclopedia, Vienna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Austria
https://www.virtualvienna.net/living-in-vienna/religion/
http://shoebat.com/2015/10/10/the-battle-of-vienna-what-every-christian-needs-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/homeless.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lueger
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-annexes-austria
The Holocaust by Martin Gilbert, page 107
http://www.palyam.org/English/Darien_e about Uranus
http://www.npr.org/2015/06/23/416518188/immortalized-as-the-woman-in-gold-how-a-young-jew-became-a-secular-icon; painting and movie about it (Woman in Gold). Jews of Austria.

When Arabs Went to Palestine

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                          
In 70 CE, the Romans burned down the 2nd Temple in Jerusalem besides the city itself.  Jewish independence had come to an end.  The Jewish population at that time was at least 5 million to 7 million, with the higher number claimed by Josephus's figures.
                                                                   
60 years later, the Jewish General Bar Kokhba faced a depleted  Jerusalem of only 3 million according to the figures of Dio Cassius.  He fought from 132 to 135 to take it back and was killed.  The Romans had never faced such strong forces before.  There were no Arabs there.
                                                                               
Arabs lived in Arabia made up of 1,027,000 square miles or 2,630,000 square kilometers and today is broken up into the states of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar, Trucial Oman on the Persian Gulf, Muscat and Oman, and South Yemen.  They stayed there until the 7th century when Mohammad died in 632.
                                                                                 
Arabs then emerged from their desert country with a new goal of conquest in order to spread Islam.  They established an empire that over 100 years extended over 3 continents, from the Atlantic Ocean to the border of China.  The Arabs, led by the Sasanians in 614 by Khosrow Prviz, sacked Jerusalem and thus  conquered Palestine from the Byzantines who had stepped in to fill the void. Actually, the Sasanians were rulers of the Persians (Iranians) heirs of the ancient Achaemanean Empire.   The Byzantines were the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople, Turkey AKA Istanbul,  and held Palestine until the year 637, 5 years after the death of the Islamic leader. In 1165 Benjamin of Tudela found 2,000 Jews and 500 Karaites living there.  The Turks captured it in 1453.  The Jewish population had grown to 90,000 by 1919 but was reduced to 20,000 by 1990 by WWII and the creation later of Israel.

 Emperor Justinian (527-565) besides including elaborate anti-Jewish laws in his Code, issued a decree in 553 which interfered with the conduct of the synagogue services.  Heraclius is reported in about 614 to have issued an edict ordering the conversion of the Jews.  The practice of Judaism was formally forbidden by successive emperors;  Leo in 723, Basil 1st from 873 to 874;  Romanus Lucapenus in 932-936, and so on.  On each occasion, Jewish life reestablished itself, and in 1170, Benjamin of Tudela found Jewish communities throughout the Empire.  He emphasized that in Constantinople itself, Jews were treated with contempt.  Jews remained in the Byzantine Empire until the last group was conquered by the Turks in 1453, but continued to live in Constantinople.

Let's face it.  The Byzantine Empire was absolutely horrible for the Jews.  Then the Arabs took over.  Their headquarters was in Damascus, Syria.  The Arabs were from the Omayyad dynasty and their rule lasted a little over 100 years.  They in turn were overthrown in 750 by their bitter enemies and antagonists, the Abbasids who ruled for 200 years.  The Abbasids were dominated 1st by the Persians, then by the Turks.  Finally,  they were defeated by the Fatimids, who were Arabs that were not accustomed to governing anything.
                                                                     
During all this period, those subjected to these strangers ruling them had to learn Arabic which became the dominant language.  They were also forced to convert to Islam.  Those that converted did so because they had been suffering from social and economic discrimination if they didn't.  The Arabs called this period THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC CULTURE.

All they really brought to people was what they had set out to bring;  Islam.  People learned to translate from their original language to Arabic.  Great volumes on mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy were simply translated materials into Arabic and thus claimed as originating from Arabs.  At least the Romans had brought aquaducts of which some still stand.  If some Arab sought a higher form of learning in those days, they had to go to Damascus or Egypt.  It wasn't offered in Palestine, which was always considered the backwater of any of the empires.  Jerusalem, where the Moslems built their Temple over the Jews' 2nd Temple, never achieved any political or cultural status.  The people there were useful only for forking over taxes to the rulers.

In the early Arab period, Arab immigrants from Arabia were encouraged, and later  given the Jewish lands.  When the Crusaders came to Palestine after 460 years of Arab and non-Arabic Moslem rule, they found an Arabic-speaking population.  The people were from at least 12 different races apart from the Jews and Druzes.  They were  practicing 5 different versions of Islam and 8 of Christianity.

The Persians and the Turks of the Abbasid empire; and the Berbers and the Egyptians of the Fatimid empire; none had an interest in Palestine except for what they could extract from it for their treasuries or their imperial armies.  
                                                                                         

The Christian Crusaders were followed by the Mamluks in 1250.  They had divided the land to administer.  All the people were being exploited and the administrators were hostile and indifferent.  Arabs had no part or direct influence in the Mamluk regime anymore than Jews had.  They were just conquered subjects.
                                                                         
Turks changed Arabic-style Turkish alphabet  in 1928 to ABC style.  
When the Ottoman Turks took over, nothing changed for the Arabs.  The Ottomans even replaced Arabic with Turkish as the language of the country.  Arabs hated the Turks just slightly less than the heavily taxed Jews.  Because the Arabs came from a rugged desert and were familiar only with sand, they had no respect for soil and what it could do.  They caused the land to become devastated.  They in turn were helped by the Turks, Persians or Egyptians and Crusaders and by the invading hordes of Mongols or Kharezmians.  The revolts of chieftains, civil strife, and inter-tribal wars that went on in this land ruined it..
                                                                             
Camel Caravan
 









                                             

Bedouin of today in Negev where about 200,000 live

Today Bedouins serve in IDF and make excellent trackers.  
Arabs that were Bedouins, like the Hashemite tribe of Jordan, would raid upon communities and destroy land.  The land was depleted and eroded over the 15 centuries of constant misuse.  Bedouins destroyed the land more than ever during the Abbasids and Fatimid eras.  Palestine was one big wasteland.  Time went by and the Bedouins continued to raid others, plunder their livestock, destroyed crops and plantations, and were a plague to farmers.  This started in the 13th century and grew worse under Ottoman mis-rule.  Bedouins camped along the countryside where they would attack people on the highway who were traveling, especially attacking  caravans carrying merchandise, or on pilgrim cavalcades.

They are no longer nomadic.  "Today, many Bedouin call themselves 'Negev Arabs' rather than 'Bedouin', explaining that 'Bedouin' identity is intimately tied in with a pastoral nomadic way of life – a way of life they say is over. Although the Bedouin in Israel continue to be perceived as nomads, today all of them are fully sedentarized, and about half are urbanites.  They now keep sheep and goats.  " Ishmael Khaldi, who has a master’s degree in Political Science from Tel Aviv University and serves in Israel’s Foreign Service, describes his own people, the Bedouin. “The Bedouin are more tribal than nationalistic,” Khaldi adds. It’s that deeply ingrained tribal culture that has allowed the Bedouin to survive centuries of nomadic existence, but it’s also the trait that presents barriers to their continued well -being in modern Israel."

It is my opinion that Hamas must be made up of such descendants of hostile Arab Bedouins, as their only skill seems to be attacking Israelis.  Fatah, too, for where is a farmer among them who values land?  Arabs on the whole were not educated city-folk, but wild  hot-tempered tribal people, easily stirred up by their leaders such as the Sherif of Jerusalem who was against Jews.  He had led many riots in the 1920s.

In 1785 the land was described as ruined and desolate country.  Pilgrims and travelers continued to report on its poor condition and barrenness.  Again in 1835 Alphonse de Lamartine wrote that he and his group saw no living object outside the gates of Jerusalem.  All was silent, like a tomb of a whole people.  1867 was when Mark Twain visited the land who saw and felt a rich soil that was full of weeds.  He didn't see any human being after traveling a great stretch to Tabor.He saw hardly a tree or a shrub anywhere, even the olive and the cactus were rarities.  He stated that he thought Palestine would never come to life again.  He wrote:

   "Palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes.  Over it broods the spell of a curse that has withered its fields and fettered its energies.  Palestine is desolate and unlovely."   Mark Twain.

So, now tell me again about this country called Palestine that the Arabs demand to "return to" and create their own state and still be against Israel?  What state-the state of weeds and mosquitoes and swamps?  Jews have returned after 2,000 years, yes, but they were kept out by the prevailing powers.  WWI's defeat was their chance and the Arab's defeat once again.  If they wish, they could always live in the other 48 Muslim  states in the world. For Jews, there is only one Jewish state, and that is Israel.   They all could have had their own state in 1948 when offered half of the Jewish land but THEY REFUSED IT.  They had entered Palestine when the Jews started returning and building in the late 1880s looking for work.  They called themselves Syrian Arabs.  They didn't just come from Syria, either, but from all the neighboring lands.

Now we have ISIS creating an empire out of Iraq and Syria, but what an empire called Islamic State!  They're busy killing off Muslim sects they don't approve of,  the Sunni, as they are Salafists, and any Christians found in the area.  Then we now have Russians in Syria killing off anyone not Alawites as they are propping up the Syrian President Assad.  In reaction to the bedlam, the Palestinian Arabs led by Fatah and Hamas leaders are copy cats-trying to start a 3rd round of an Intifada.

Resource;Battleground, fact and fantasy in Palestine by Samuel Katz
http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/israels-bedouins/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Bedouin
2nd edition, Middle East, past & present by Yahya Armajani, Thomas M. Ricks, Textbook for college