Affichage des articles dont le libellé est USA. Afficher tous les articles
Affichage des articles dont le libellé est USA. Afficher tous les articles

ISIS Out of Mesopotamia In IRAQ And The World Bleeds

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                       
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Land of Shinar or Kasdim (Chaldees) - One of 7 Wonders of the World

Iraq was the major part of Mesopotamia.  Who has not heard of Babylon?  "Mesopotamia is a name for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, roughly corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Syria and Kuwait, including regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.  The tigris-Euphrates Rives is where the Jews were said to have come from that entered Ur, a city in Western Mesopotamia that became Iraq.  
                                                                         Map of Mesopotamia
Today Iraq is becoming  the major part of the bloodthirsty  Islamic State, so called ISIS or IS or in Arabic-Daesh.  It had been part of the 400 year old Turk's Ottoman Empire that died with World War I in 1917.
                                                                   
ISIS: Arab and Foreigners  killing Arabs of the Land
Right now a terrific battle is going on as IS slaughters and beheads anyone in their way.  The world leaders have stepped into this with the American Army having a base here that is an operational hub for the US led 66 nation coalition that is "combating" the Islamic State takeover in Iraq and Syria.  They have entered  with their medivac Blackhawk heliicopters along with Army Apache attack helicopters.  They also have as their base their intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance aircraft.  A variety of armed special operations aircraft from different military branches are here.
                                                                           
Assyria attacked Israel in 721 BCE and took away  10 Tribes
Babylonia attacked in 597 BCE, then 586 BCE and took away Israelites
There was Israel and Syria, but none of the other states then.  
Why can't a coalition of 66 countries take back one city from ISIS, which is Mosul which lies in northern Iraq?  And what happened to Israel which is erased from this map?  It is hugging the Mediterranean Sea on the West of Jordan.  Mosul has been  occupied by ISIS since June 10, 2014.  It is a city normally holding about 2 1/2 million people. This city, about 250 miles north of Baghdad, " is completely ruled by the Islamic State terror group headquartered in Al-RaqqahSyria. The current government of Iraq stopped paying salaries soon after the city was overrun by militants  (that ISIL allegedly exploited by stealing a generous percentage)  which it had previously paid to city workers, including nurses and doctors. 

The USA and their coalition personnel coordinate airstrikes against IS to support their Kurdish peshmerga forces.  "Iraq's genocidal war against the Kurds began in the early 1960s and has continue to the present.  The Iraqis have used bombs, napalm and even poison gas against Iraqi Kurdish positions and towns in the struggle to suppress Kurdish nationalism." They've behaved like Saddam Hussein of Syria  towards his own people who went against him, an  Alawite, a slightly different shade of Islam. In 1975, Iraq conducted a relocation of the Kurdish population.  Hundreds of thousands of Kurds have been forcibly removed from their rural villages, and Kurdish political and cultural institutions have been savagely suppressed.   Kurdish DNA is the closest to the Jewish people. "Where northern Iraq and Turkey are today, they shared a common ancestor.  This was the northern half of the Fertile Crescent during pre-historic times.  Professor Ariella Oppenheim and Dr. Marina Feirman, who carried out the research at the Hebrew University, said they were surprised to find a closer genetic connection between the Jews and the populations of the fertile crescent than between the Jews and their Arab neighbors.  Most likely, Kurds were descended from Israelites.  Kurdistan was actually the core of the old Assyrian Empire, the one that carried off the Ten Lost Tribes. 
                                                                         
Kurdish Israeli, Shemun Levi 
A note on the Kurds, who are doing most of the face to face fighting in Iraq, is that they originally had their own Kurdistan.  The land is now divided up in Turkey, Iran and Iraq.  The 1st Jewish settlement outside of Israel was in Kurdistan in the days of Ezra of the 5th century BCE.  Kurdish Jews spoke with an Aramaic dialect up to modern times.  It's close to the language used during the makings of the Babylonian Talmud.  Nestorian Christians use this language, also.  12,00 to 18,000 Jews lived in this land by the end of the 19th century.  After 1948, these Jews immigrated to Israel in or near Jerusalem.  Kurds trace their ancestry back 4,000 years and became Muslims but maintain their own language, traditions and tribal leaders.  They have over 15 million with about 3 million in Turkey, and more than 2.5 million in Iran and in Iraq and 500,000 in Syria.   180,000 Kurds have been slaughtered in an Iraqi government campaign against them in the late 1980s.  The Iraqi Defense Minister, Ali Hassan Majid was recorded describing how the Kurds would be dealt with:  "We have gassed them not once;  not twice, but until we get rid of them."

  By the end of April, the USA had conducted 9,073 airstrikes against IS in Iraq and Syria.  Almost all their military aircraft were launched from bases and Navy vessels outside of Iraq and Syria.  50,000 US military personnel are deployed throughout the Middle East, including Navy personnel at sea.  Yet IS seems to still hold onto Mosul.  If they can rid the city and state of ISIS, al Jazeera points out that then the real challenge is "finding a political settlement that allows the local Sunni inhabitants to address their legitimate political grievances with the central government in Baghdad." Religion is the problem between Sunni and Shi'a run government.  Evidently it's no easy task to rid the city of ISIS from afar.  "Mosul is Iraq's second-largest city, and urban warfare is no easy task as the recent operation to liberate Ramadi has shown.  Ramadi has a population of around 200,000 compared with Mosul's estimated population of 1.8 million (albeit many of them left the city for safer refuge).  Ramadi is still being cleared of booby traps and insurgents even though it was "liberated" months ago."                                       
Terah, from the Tigris and Euphrates River Country in the East,
Father of Abraham 

This land is part of the Crossroads of Civilization.  It was in the city of Ur that Abraham's father, Terah, came from the East and set up a shop making idols.  This is why Abraham left, to escape the environment of people believing in such things..
The Muslim Arabs conquered Babylonia in 637, five years after Mohammad had died.  The Jewish community who lived there helped the Arab conquerors in the hope that they would be better than the Sassanid (Persian Empire)  persecutions against them.  After the Arabs occupied the land, Jews had been expelled from Saudi Arabia because they wouldn't convert to Islam, so they moved  to Kufa (Kufa is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River) and settled there,"  a place they may have originated from originally.   Babylon and what was to become Iraq was the center of Jewish life.  Jews from all over the world went here to settle questions they had about Judasim.
                                                                             
King Feisal of Iraq-1921-1933.  
Ibn and Emir Hussein Feisal (May 20, 1883 or 85--September 8, 1933)was the  prince who had led the Arab uprising against Turkey from 1916 to 1918 and wanted to be compensated and rewarded for their part in the war effort.  He  became king of Iraq from August 23, 1921, apppointed by the Allies who won the 1st World War.  The Brits were holding a 30 year mandate over Palestine and the French had other parts of the Middle Eastern defunct Ottoman Empire they were cutting up.  Feisal was the eldest son of Hussein, sherif of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.  He was a prince who wanted to be a king so needed a country.  He was a leader and an educated man, a rarity in these parts, and was sympathetic to Zionism and the creation of a Jewish National Home.  He admired the Jews to the point of hoping his own Arab people could learn something from them and hoped the Jews would help him build his future kingdom.
                                                                                 
Weizmann and Feisal 
 He met Dr. Chaim Weizmann in 1918 in Transjordan and again in Paris in 1919 where they agreed on mutual aid that was conditional on the implementation of British promises. to the Arabs. Feisal was first made King of Syria.  That didn't work out, so they made him King of Iraq.

Feisal was later expelled from Syria by the French in 1920 and the influence of the Palestinian Arab leaders changed his attitude so that his ideas about Zionism turned hostile in the end.
                                                                         
Husseini and Hitler, quite a pair
Iraq gained independence in 1932 so turned around and persecuted the Jews.  Hundreds of Baghdad Jews were killed and wounded in a pogrom during the revolt of Rashid Ali in 1941, a time reflecting Haj Amin al-Husseini's visit to German Nazis to get help in ridding the world of Jews.

Today, Israel supports the Kurds in their struggle for independence and life.  How do the Iraqis feel?  "
                                                                             
Muqtadā al-Ṣadr is an Iraqi Shia cleric, politician and militia leader. He is the leader of a political party, the Sadrist Movement and the leader of Saraya al-Salam, a Shiite militia.

Cleric Muqtada al-Sadr of Iraq describes American Sec. of State, John Kerry as a terrorist, asserts that Israel is spoiled son of America.  


Resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
America's Quiet War in Iraq by Nolan Peterson (National Interest).
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/liberating-mosul-solve-iraq-problems-160515065236609.html
http://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/sadr-describes-kerry-terrorist-asserts-israel-spoiled-son-america/
Myths and Facts by Mitchell G. Bard, Joel Himelfarb
http://www.haaretz.com/study-finds-close-genetic-connection-between-jews-kurds-1.75273
http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/11/07/the-assyrians-kurds-and-the-jews/

USA's Failure in Reading Iran

A reminder of the USA failure in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba
which Ayatollah Khamenei just brought up with Palestinian terrorists.  .  
Nadene Goldfoot                                                                           

More than a year ago on March 2, 2015, the Iranian nuclear deal was ready to be announced at the end of March.   Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said back in 2013 that they would never give into economic sanctions .  The USA would  never force Iran into unwelcome concessions over nuclear development.   Khamenei wants to " be able to produce nuclear energy for power and medical purposes, and wants an end to sanctions that keep it from shipping oil or gaining access to global financial markets.  Khamenei, has said that Iran would want to build peaceful nuclear enrichment capability when a negotiated agreement expired."  Within the next minute, he is cursing Israel and threatening their end.  Can anyone believe him?  
                                                                          
John Kerry had said, "“We want to recognize the main goal here is to prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapon. And on that, Israel and the United States agree.”  The problem is that Israel and the USA do not agree as to how to prevent this from happening.  
                                                 
John Kerry figured that with time, Iran will turn into a state
like other states and
come to be compliant about  nuclear power.  On the contrary,
they break laws and have become more aggressive with every
concession the USA makes. 

The deadline for finalizing an outline of an agreement was the end of March, and a final deal was to be reached by June. Under an agreement, Iran’s ability to produce nuclear fuel would probably be strictly limited for at least 10 years, and restrictions would be eased gradually. Iran would ship some nuclear equipment to Russia. After the deal ends, Iran would still be subject to inspections and unable to produce bomb-grade fuel. It remains unclear whether Iran would have to answer all questions from inspectors about its suspected work on bomb designs.  Now isn't this the most important part of all and no one was sure about it on our side?   Everyone knows that inspections are imperfect, as the U.S. has learned from Iraq to North Korea.
May 2, Monday, Khamenei threatened the US Navy's 5th Fleet sitting in Bahrain
waters.  He lashed out on TV at the USA's protecting the free flow of commerce and
shipping in the Persian gulf which he said was Iran's sphere.
"What is the US Navy doing here?  Go back to the Bay of Pigs.  Go and hold exercises there.
What are you doing in the Persian Gulf?  It is OUR home.

This is a very serious statement since he was pointing out the USA weakness from their failed
operation of the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Muslim do not eat any meat from a pig, just like the Jews and
consider it also as an unclean animal.  He's being more fisty against the USA with each concession
that the USA makes with Iran.  What's the psychology that causes this?  One can't lose the upper hand
with people like the Ayatollah.  You can't grovel or give in an inch.  
                                                                                           
2003 and Islamic Jihad Palestinians burning 3 flags in demonstration,
have much in common with Khamenei.

 During this past weekend of May Day, The Ayatollah spoke to the Palestinian ISLAMIC JIHAD'S DELEGATION,  Palestinian terrorists that came to him   to find ways to strengthen their intifada in Judea and Samaria and Jerusalem. The Ayatollah  told them that the main enemy of Iran was America, not Israel.  His hostility is evident towards America,  but comes after the Obama Administration's announcement that the USA was subsidizing Iran's nuclear program by buying tons of HEAVY WATER from them.  They are also granting Iran the ability to receive US dollars.  Now that the Ayatollah is flush with cash, courtesy of Barack Obama,  he will find a few ways to strengthen the intifada of the Palestinians who turn into terrorists with the mere mention of it.  We also notice that Iran is far more aggressive now and gets more so with every concession Obama makes.  
                                                                           
Terrorists here keep their faces covered so can't be identified.
Israel has 1.7 million Arab citizens along with their 6 million Jews.
Israel is the only Jewish state in the world.  There are Muslim states that do not
allow Jews to enter.  In all, there are already 48 Muslim majority states without a Palestine created.  The UN faults Israel with every breath they take yet say nothing
about how Muslim countries treat them!  

 " Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist Paramilitary organization formed in 1981 whose objective is the destruction of the State of Israel and the establishment of a sovereign, Islamic Palestinian state." Islamic Jihad seems to be carried over to what is now called ISIS who have the same goals but for all the states of the Middle East.  They've been successful in Iraq and Syria to a degree.  
Another Jihad group, ISIS, and how they behead fellow Muslims
on the wrong side of the politics.  

The delegation "was  headed by the organization’s Secretary- General Ramadan Abdullah, who will visit Iran for a few days, according to a statement issued by the terrorist organization.
The delegation will meet Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani, Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani and Supreme National Security Council chief Ali Shamkhani  Islamic Jihad announced that “the delegation visiting Tehran has met with Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, as well as other senior Iranian officials.”.

Resource: CUFI, from Gary L. Bauer, Director: Khamenei Threatens US Navy
 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/2015-03-02-iran.html?_r=0
Office of the Iranian Supreme Leader, via Associated Press
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/2015-03-02-iran.html?_r=0
https://www.jihadwatch.org/2016/05/islamic-jihad-delegation-visits-iran-to-discuss-ways-to-strengthen-intifada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine

Food For 400 Years of Slavery and 40 Years of Getting Back Home

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                              
Slaves carrying bread and other things

The Egyptians ate a low-fat, high-fiber diet with a lot of grains. They ate a variety of plant oils and fats, bread, milk, lentils, cottage cheese, cakes, onions, meat, dates, melons, milk products, figs, ostrich eggs, almonds, peas, beans, olives, pomegranates, grapes, vegetables, honey, garlic and other foods. The Egyptians ate a variety of grains, including barley and emmer-wheat.
                                                                                      
Bakery and Brewery
Slaves must have been used to produce food for all.
Israelite slaves were not used to build pyramids, but for storage cities.  

Barley was used for making beer. Emmer wheat was used to make bread. Lentils were discovered in an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2000 B.CE, when Abraham lived.   Israelites went into Egypt in c1641 BCE.   Moses was born in 1321 BCE.   The principal difference between the wild and the domestic species is that the ripened seed head of the wild species shatters and spreads the seed onto the ground,  while in the domesticated emmer the seed head remains intact, thus making it easier for humans to harvest the grain.
Along with Einkorn wheat, Emmer was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. 

Harvest time was from April to June before the Nile River flooded from June to October.  The flooding nourished the soil again.  Possibly the Exodus happened right after harvesting in April (Nisan 15).                                                    
Spikes of cultivated Emmer wheat  
Emmer is a tetraploid (2n=4x=28 chromosomes)
References to candy date back to 2000 BCE.  Images in
tombs from the 11th dynasty depict confectionery processing
taking place in temples.  The treats were offered to the gods
or reserved for noblemen. 
                                                       
Wheat before harvesting

Emmer wheat was a twin-kerneled form of grain that is very difficult to husk. Hieroglyphics have recorded 14 types of bread, including sourdough and whole wheat breads. Scholars speculate that families usually ate unleavened pita-style bread at home and ate pot-baked breads during temple festivals and special occasions.

"Humans have always used yeast, well before writing was invented. Egyptians used it to make bread some five thousand years ago. However, they ignored the yeast  fermentation process and they believed this chemical reaction to be a miracle.  Bread was born the day that man realized that, with naturally fermented dough, bread could rise and its flavour and texture improved."

Tiny in size, but a nutrient-rich powerhouse, wheat “germ” (short for germination) is the part of wheat that sprouts and grows into a new plant. Despite being the most vitamin- and mineral-rich part of the wheat kernel, it's left out when wheat is processed into white flour.

Fatty acids of the wheat germ  react from the moment they are exposed to oxygen. This occurs when grain is milled; the fatty acids oxidize and flour starts to become rancid.  Therefore, man had a hard time reaping and keep wheat grain to feed their people.  As vitaminsmicronutrients and amino acids were completely or relatively unknown in the late 19th century CE (1890s) . 

That has been 3,281 years since Moses was born that man had eaten bread with the wheat germ and able to get all the vitamins needed.   Removing the germ was an effective solution for storage. Without the germ, flour cannot become rancid.  De-germed flour became standard. Now, some people buy wheat germ to add nutrients to their flour.  A popular bread in Portland is "Dave's Killer Bread" that has hit the market with all organic products, and lots of seeds.  One thinned sliced bread is only 60 calories per slice and most healthy.  It's made with 21 whole grains.  



Pilgrims at Ply                                               
Mayflower-1620 with 102 passengers and about
30 crew members.  Today their descendants are 
special people with an amazing history:   Mr. John Carver; Katherine,
his wife, Desire Minter; and 2 manservants, John Howland, Roger Wilder; William Latham,
a boy; and a maid servant, and a child that was put to him, called Jasper More. ...

In 1620, the ship, The Mayflower, landed at Plymouth Rock in the New World of America with 102 people called Pilgrims from England via Holland, which was 396 years ago. On board must have been hardtack to eat.  "This meant that all their food was dried or salted. The foods that the Pilgrims ate on the ship included salted meat, salted fish, dried beans, dried peas, hardtack (unleavened bread) , and hard cheese. During the journey, the Pilgrims' water supply went bad, so they all had to drink beer instead—even the children.  Today The United States of America is home to about 322,762,018 million people.  There has been a tremendous change in people and their history  during these past 400 years.  The Israelites also had been living in Egypt for 400 years.  Imagine the change with their descendants only knowing slavery.  
                       
Irish Americans 2016-400 years later
Dined on non-bran bleached white bread in their childhood, 

Terah, father of
Abraham
                                                                 
Abraham, born in Ur of Chaldees, (Iraq) in
2nd Millennium BCE (1948 BCE) 
Abraham and Sarah lived in Ur in c 2,000 BCE, today's Iraq and their  grandson, Jacob-later named Israel,  entered Egypt with 70 family members  when they were faced with a terrible drought in their land of Canaan and wound up being held in Egypt for 400 years.  After living there for a while, they were all taken as slaves as they had multiplied and frightened the Egyptians with their numbers and could not escape until Moses, their 3rd great grandson, had  led them away from bondage on a trek that lasted for 40 years back to Canaan, which became Israel later.  Moses lived from 1391 to 1271 BCE, dying at age 120.  
                                                                      
Ramses, Pharaoh of Egypt
d: 1213 BCE


                            
Israelites entering Egypt during drought
c2000 BCE
Exodus 1334-1325 for the next 40 years
Egypt's Early Dynastic Period of pharaohs was from
3686 BCE to 2686 BCE.  

Mankind was from Africa originally, and have been moving Westward ever since, following the sun.  Africa was a varied as possible with jungles and dry deserts, with most people moving out from the northern desert area of Egypt. 

 Abraham's people left the land of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Assyria in Western Asia  which had established an aggressive kingdom by the 20th century BCE already  and they  had trekked Westward to Canaan and settled there among the Canaanite and Philistine people.  The rivers were regarded as 2 of the 4 rivers emerging from the Garden of Eden. From sources in the Taurus mountains of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf. The lower part was called Mesopotamia.  The rivers have cut deep and permanent beds in the rock, so that their courses have undergone only minor changes since prehistoric times. Along the northeastern edge of Al-Jazīrah, the Tigris drains the rain-fed heart of ancient Assyria, while along the southwestern limit the Euphrates crosses true desert. On the Tigris river was Mahoza, one of the major Jewish Babylonian settlements in the Talmudic Period (Babylon  attack-597-586 BCE).  
Evidence of Israelite Slavery in Egypt

Hebrew captive, from the region of Sinai.
Part of a mural from the Funerary Temple of Ramesses III,
found at Medinet Habu.  The eyes and high cheekbones
look quite Asian to me.  
The 40 year trek started off with the slaves being told to hurry, for they were leaving, and 600 thousand had to rush in order to take advantage of the Pharaoh's judgment of allowing them all to leave, which made up the whole workforce of Egypt.  All slaves followed Moses West to Canaan, not knowing how long it would take to arrive to their new destination.  Old and young would have only a short few hours to prepare food for the march, and not time was allowed to bake bread, so they mixed up flour and water and baked this in the sun, creating the first matzos.                                                                               
matzos-flour and water -unleavened bread
Exodus, sometime between 1579 BCE to 1300 BCE ;
about 3500 years ago.  
                                                                            
hardtack-flour, water, salt
 They were something like hardtack, a cracker that lasted for years used by American pioneers.  it was and is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages, land migrations, and military campaigns.  It was also a mixture of flour and water and sometimes included salt.    

 "The introduction of the baking of processed cereals, including the creation of flour, provided a more reliable source of food. It's been around since the Egyptian pharaohs.  
                                                                          

It is probable that wild grasses were part of our ancestors’ diet at an early stage, but the real nutritional revolution did not take place until the last Ice Age had passed its peak. 13,000 years ago the hunters and gatherers of the Natufian culture of the Mesolithic period roamed a fertile region that extended from the Middle East into Mesopotamia  The advent of agriculture changed the lives of the people. The Nomads started to settle, built villages and kept cattle. But even in the advanced civilizations the grains were still ground by hand between simple grindstones.  
                                                                                      

We know that by the 11th Century BCE in Israel after the Exodus, Samson, a judge of Israel, was seized by the Philistines and when imprisoned was made to grind grain, probably by being tethered to the grinding stone.  More likely this job was for oxen. (Judg 16: 21)

Egyptian sailors carried a flat brittle loaf of millet bread called dhourra cake, while the Romans had a biscuit called bucellatum.  King Richard I of England left for the Third Crusade (1189–92) with "biskit of muslin", which was a mixed grain compound of barley, bean flour, and rye.  In 1588, the daily allowance on board a Royal Navy ship was one pound of biscuits plus one gallon of beer.  In 1801, Josiah Bent began a baking operation in Milton, Massachusetts, selling "water crackers" or biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages from the port of Boston, which was also used extensively as a source of food by the gold prospectors who migrated to the gold mines of California in 1849. Since the journey took months, pilot bread (the unleavened bread) , which could be kept a long time, was stored in the wagon trains. Bent's company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the American Civil War. "Nobody remembered  that it was made like the Matzos of the people of the Exodus.  
                                                                                   
Picking manna every morning
I wonder if manna wasn't a type of mushroom. "It was like coriander seed,
it was white, and it tasted like a cake fried in honey...The people would stroll and gather it, and grind it in a mill or pound it in a mortar and cook it in a pot or make it into cakes, and it tasted like the taste of dough kneaded with oil.....
Mushrooms, crimini
As a part of their meals, Crimini mushrooms could have offered great
 nutritional value. However, the nutritional value of crimini mushrooms may surprise you. One cup of crimini mushrooms provides a good, very good, or excellent source of 15 different vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant phytonutrients.  Along with birds caught, they would have been
very healthy.  4,000 years ago, they could have been as large as a loaf
of bread.  
It wasn't long when our 40 year Exodus marchers were fed Manna from heaven, something that appeared on the ground every morning  and were directed to pick up a double portion every Friday and then it disappeared each day for the rest of the 40 years that kept everyone nutritiously fed.  It was thin and rough, white in color, and tasted like honey-cakes.  It was formerly believed to be a shallow-rooted plant carried by storms.  Modern botanists have discovered sugary secretions on the tamaris mammifera caused by insects.  

People complained on their trek of missing onions to eat that they enjoyed as slaves in Egypt, and thought they should go back. "Who will feed us meat?  We remember the fish that we ate in Egypt free of charge;  the cucumbers, melons, leeks, onions, and garlic.  But now, our life is parched, there is nothing;  we have nothing to anticipate but manna!"  

 Manna and that was it must have been pretty boring, all right, but filling. " There (in Egypt)  we sat around pots of meat and ate all the food we wanted, but you have brought us out into this desert to starve this entire assembly to death." 


"11 The Lord said to Moses, 12 “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am the Lord your God.’”
13 That evening quail (a wild bird)  came and covered the camp, and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp. 14 When the dew was gone, thin flakes like frost on the ground appeared on the desert floor. 15 When the Israelites saw it, they said to each other, “What is it?” For they did not know what it was, " and it turned out to be the Manna.  

Resource: http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub365/item1940.html Egyptian food
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+16
http://www.britannica.com/place/Tigris-Euphrates-river-system
w.art-and-flour.de/english/history.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt
http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Who-was-the-pharaoh-of-the-Exodus-395885
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=97
http://www.zaqen.info/evidence.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzo
Exodus 16.3
Numbers11:4-6
http://classroom.synonym.com/harvesting-ancient-egypt-8915.html
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/harvesting_grain.htm  and
  The Grain harvest