How London's First Muslim Mayor Uses Leviticus For Muslims

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                      

Sadiq Khan b:  October 8, 1970 in London to working-class British Pakistani family, 5th of 8 children.  His grandparents migrated from India to Pakistan following the partition of Indiain 1947, and his parents migrated to England from Pakistan shortly before Khan was born. His late father, Amanullah Khan, worked as a bus driver for over 25 years; his mother, Sehrun, was a seamstress.
2001 showed Asian or Asian British Pakistanis numbered 142,749, a 1.99% of population.
A 2011 show the same population of Pakistanis as 223,797 or 2.74%.
The UK now has 3 million Muslims.  

Sadiq Khan is the newly elected mayor of London, a city of 8.70 million as of 2016.  A teacher had suggested he look into law and not dentistry because " he had an argumentative personality."  He's a lawyer.  
 London has been inundated with thousands of Muslim refugees through the past few years.  He was a candidate for the UK's Labour Party and was just elected after their own rigorous campaign.  Khan wrote the book,  "Actions Against the Police," which gives in detail how to sue the police for "racism."

Someone with a surname like Khan could easily be a Pashto actually from either Pakistan, Afghanistan or India.  They are Muslims who claim to be originally from the 10 tribes of Israel that were taken by the Assyrians in 721 BCE from Israel.  I know Khans who are.  They don't all back people who back Muslim extremism, though.  The Taliban terrorists are also made up of many Pashtos who prey on other Pashtos. Sadiq Khan is not a Pashto, though.  " If a person has the surname of Khan, it doesn't mean he's a Pashto.  Zak Goldsmith is the brother in law of Imran Khan, and Imran Khan supported Zak Goldsmith in the UK elections. Many people in Asia use the  Khan surname , in Sindhi people , Rajistani in India , In China like the famous China film star Syenthia Khan etc etc.  I suppose it's as common as Smith is in the USA.  "Imran Khan Niazi,  better known as Imran Khan,  is a Pakistani politician, former cricketer, philanthropist, cricket commentator and former chancellor of the University of Bradford. " He's run for President.  

In a way, Sadiq Khan is  using Leviticus 16  to prove his own Muslim agenda.  Leviticus is the 3rd book written by Moses while on the Exodus.  There are 5 books:  Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy in that order.

 Moses was chosen to lead the descendants of Abraham's son, Isaac,  out of Egypt and back to Canaan where they had lived 400 years before.  He had to change a people who had been living in slavery and in an Egyptian environment of  polytheism, believing in animal gods.  He had to stomp out any ideas that might have crept into Abraham's belief in one G-d only.

 This Sidrah says:  “I also will do this unto you: I will appoint terror over you, even consumption and fever, that shall make the eyes to fail, and the soul to languish; and ye shall sow your seed in vain, for your enemies shall eat it.” )Leviticus 26:16), and also translated in the  Stone Edition of Art Scroll as:  then I will do the same to you; I will assign upon you panic, swelling lesions, and burning fever, which cause eyes to long and souls to suffer;  you will sow your seeds in vain, for your enemies will eat it.  I will turn My attention against you, you will be struck down before enemies;  those who hate you will subjugate you---you will flee with no one pursuing you.   

 It is addressing the Israelites and began with the idyllic blessings that await the Jewish people back in c1310 BCE--not Muslims.  Muslims weren't a religion until Mohammad died in 632 CE, which is about 2,000 years later.
 It's what will happen to them if they live up to the covenant with G-d, and then proceeds to the admonition which is a sobering account of punishments, frustrations and curses that will happen from attempts to destroy the covenant.  It is through G-d's underlying mercy that prevents all of these curses from happening to Israel in any one unbearable instant.  It's a careful reading of Jewish history---and perhaps the 20th century in particular---which showed that they have taken place at various intervals before and during the exiles.  The blessings are given in general terms;  the curses are given in great detail because the intention is to awe the people into obedience to G-d's will.  Maybe this is why we've continued on for the past almost 4,000 years.  We remain in awe.  We've gone through rough times and remain.
  Even if he happens to be a Pashto, he's already broken the Covenant by being a Muslim, and Muslims are not living up to the commandments that were given.  Too many things have moved away  from our belief that is the covenant.

As it turns out, he's a man with a strong political background.   He has connections to Islamic extremism and has a history of defending terrorist activities.  His new position will give him an unlimited access to money.  31% of people living in London are not happy with a Muslim in this position, though they have a history of tolerance for a diversified culture.  After all, England has been an empire and has taken in many cultures throughout the ages.
                                                                     

Zacharias Moussaoui, b: May 30, 1968 in France to parents from Morocco.
 French citizen who pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court
to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks.
He is  serving 6 life sentences without parole at the Federal ADX Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.

He's promised to be "the British Muslim who takes the fight to the extremists."  His reasoning is to be the Muslim to be in power so he can negotiate with radical Islamic activists.  Following 9/11, he was on the defense team as a lawyer protecting Zacharias Moussaoui, a member of Al Qaeda.
                                                                         

Azzam Tamimi, Palestinian activist b: 1955 Hebron, Judea.  At age 7,
 his family moved to Kuwait.  
Dr. Tamimi  a  Palestinian academic and political activist. He is currently the Chairman of Alhiwar TV Channel and is its Editor in Chief. He headed the Institute of Islamic Political Thought until 2008. Tamimi has written several books on Middle Eastern and Islamic politics, including "Power-Sharing Islam", "Islam and Secularism in the Middle East", Rachid Ghannouchi, Democrat within Islamismand Hamas: A History from Within.

Khan has also defended Dr. Azzam Tamimi. "Tamimi has stated that the War on Terror launched by the US and its allies in the wake of September 11 attacks is perceived by many in the Islamic world as a war on Islam.  He accused US President George W. Bush of attempting to stop terrorism through war, political oppression and violations of human rights, saying that this would not work and would instead have the opposite effect. 

 Khan's client was one who was another extremist who defended those attacking people creating cartoons offending Muslims.  He had told a crowd that publishing such cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad would "cause the world to tremble" and predicted "Fire...throughout the world if they don't stop."  This hasn't bothered Khan. He feels that was "flowery language."     Right there he breaks away from the Covenant of the Jewish people.  It wasn't Moses that caused the Israelites to tremble but G-d.  Moses was just the chosen but special old man who gave the 600,000 the message they were to live up to now.
                                                                     

Imam -Shaykh Suliman Gani-who goes against English law:WE PROVIDE PRACTICAL SUPPORT AND ADVICE TO HOUSEHOLDS DEVASTATED BY THE ARREST OF A FAMILY MEMBER UNDER UK ANTI-TERROR LEGISLATION.  Imam Suliman Gani demanded 'a serious, immediate apology' from the Prime Minister.
He's accused of being an ISIS supporter.  

Khan has ties with Suliman Gani, an imam in South London who urges women to be subservience to men.  He condemns homosexuality and gay marriage which does go back to biblical statements.  However, he also condemns organ transplants.  This imam calls for the founding of an Islamic state, so must be going along with ISIS.  There already happens to be 48 majority Muslim states in the world, and that is without a Palestine.  Khan has had him on his platform 9 times.

Yet in London, Khan was greeted with a standing ovation at his signing in ceremony on Friday.  Who was in attendance?  The city's police chief, Christian and Jewish leaders who think they are showing their broadness in accepting a Muslim, stars of stage and screen who should stick to reading their scripts and know nothing of current event's and their causes, are people who glibly back this scary mayor.  He could easily be worse than the non-native mayor of Malmo, Sweden, where so much anti-Semitism has been going on over too many years, now.

Sadiq Khan is excusing Muslim terrorism as some punishment from G-d Almighty on a non-Muslim population, as if people deserve it.  You just cannot excuse such terrorism.  He's getting away with it.  Now he's in a seat of power as a Mayor.

Resource: http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/67238/londons-first-muslim-mayor-defended-911-terrorists/?utm_source=Breaking+Israel+News&utm_campaign=576d6b80e2-BIN_morning_5_16&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b6d3627f72-576d6b80e2-83518689#g6z0pUQ8HYJrVpYg.97
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/imam-accused-of-being-an-isis-supporter-demands-apology-from-david-cameron-a7014051.html
http://www.hhugs.org.uk/shaykh-suliman-gani-/539
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_London
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3424584/Muslims-UK-3-million-time-50-born-outside-Britain-Number-country-doubles-decade-immigration-birth-rates-soar.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/03/london-may-be-about-to-elect-its-first-muslim-mayor-so-what/
Now a video from Paul Weston from Victor Sharpe:  https://www.youtube.com/embed/a-hPCnel0qc

Food For 400 Years of Slavery and 40 Years of Getting Back Home

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                              

Slaves carrying bread and other things

The Egyptians ate a low-fat, high-fiber diet with a lot of grains. They ate a variety of plant oils and fats, bread, milk, lentils, cottage cheese, cakes, onions, meat, dates, melons, milk products, figs, ostrich eggs, almonds, peas, beans, olives, pomegranates, grapes, vegetables, honey, garlic and other foods. The Egyptians ate a variety of grains, including barley and emmer-wheat.
                                                                                      

Bakery and Brewery
Slaves must have been used to produce food for all.
Israelite slaves were not used to build pyramids, but for storage cities.  

Barley was used for making beer. Emmer wheat was used to make bread. Lentils were discovered in an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2000 B.CE, when Abraham lived.   Israelites went into Egypt in c1641 BCE.   Moses was born in 1321 BCE.   The principal difference between the wild and the domestic species is that the ripened seed head of the wild species shatters and spreads the seed onto the ground,  while in the domesticated emmer the seed head remains intact, thus making it easier for humans to harvest the grain.

Along with Einkorn wheat, Emmer was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. 

Harvest time was from April to June before the Nile River flooded from June to October.  The flooding nourished the soil again.  Possibly the Exodus happened right after harvesting in April (Nisan 15).                                                    

Spikes of cultivated Emmer wheat  
Emmer is a tetraploid (2n=4x=28 chromosomes)

References to candy date back to 2000 BCE.  Images in
tombs from the 11th dynasty depict confectionery processing
taking place in temples.  The treats were offered to the gods
or reserved for noblemen. 
                                                       

Wheat before harvesting

Emmer wheat was a twin-kerneled form of grain that is very difficult to husk. Hieroglyphics have recorded 14 types of bread, including sourdough and whole wheat breads. Scholars speculate that families usually ate unleavened pita-style bread at home and ate pot-baked breads during temple festivals and special occasions.

"Humans have always used yeast, well before writing was invented. Egyptians used it to make bread some five thousand years ago. However, they ignored the yeast  fermentation process and they believed this chemical reaction to be a miracle.  Bread was born the day that man realized that, with naturally fermented dough, bread could rise and its flavour and texture improved."

Tiny in size, but a nutrient-rich powerhouse, wheat “germ” (short for germination) is the part of wheat that sprouts and grows into a new plant. Despite being the most vitamin- and mineral-rich part of the wheat kernel, it's left out when wheat is processed into white flour.

Fatty acids of the wheat germ  react from the moment they are exposed to oxygen. This occurs when grain is milled; the fatty acids oxidize and flour starts to become rancid.  Therefore, man had a hard time reaping and keep wheat grain to feed their people.  As vitamins, micronutrients and amino acids were completely or relatively unknown in the late 19th century CE (1890s) . 

That has been 3,281 years since Moses was born that man had eaten bread with the wheat germ and able to get all the vitamins needed.   Removing the germ was an effective solution for storage. Without the germ, flour cannot become rancid.  De-germed flour became standard. Now, some people buy wheat germ to add nutrients to their flour.  A popular bread in Portland is "Dave's Killer Bread" that has hit the market with all organic products, and lots of seeds.  One thinned sliced bread is only 60 calories per slice and most healthy.  It's made with 21 whole grains.  

Pilgrims at Ply                                               

Mayflower-1620 with 102 passengers and about
30 crew members.  Today their descendants are 
special people with an amazing history:   Mr. John Carver; Katherine,
his wife, Desire Minter; and 2 manservants, John Howland, Roger Wilder; William Latham,
a boy; and a maid servant, and a child that was put to him, called Jasper More. ...

In 1620, the ship, The Mayflower, landed at Plymouth Rock in the New World of America with 102 people called Pilgrims from England via Holland, which was 396 years ago. On board must have been hardtack to eat.  "This meant that all their food was dried or salted. The foods that the Pilgrims ate on the ship included salted meat, salted fish, dried beans, dried peas, hardtack (unleavened bread) , and hard cheese. During the journey, the Pilgrims' water supply went bad, so they all had to drink beer instead—even the children.  Today The United States of America is home to about 322,762,018 million people.  There has been a tremendous change in people and their history  during these past 400 years.  The Israelites also had been living in Egypt for 400 years.  Imagine the change with their descendants only knowing slavery.  
                       

Irish Americans 2016-400 years later
Dined on non-bran bleached white bread in their childhood, 

Terah, father of
Abraham

                                                                 

Abraham, born in Ur of Chaldees, (Iraq) in
2nd Millennium BCE (1948 BCE) 

Abraham and Sarah lived in Ur in c 2,000 BCE, today's Iraq and their  grandson, Jacob-later named Israel,  entered Egypt with 70 family members  when they were faced with a terrible drought in their land of Canaan and wound up being held in Egypt for 400 years.  After living there for a while, they were all taken as slaves as they had multiplied and frightened the Egyptians with their numbers and could not escape until Moses, their 3rd great grandson, had  led them away from bondage on a trek that lasted for 40 years back to Canaan, which became Israel later.  Moses lived from 1391 to 1271 BCE, dying at age 120.  
                                                                      

Ramses, Pharaoh of Egypt
d: 1213 BCE

                            

Israelites entering Egypt during drought
c2000 BCE
Exodus 1334-1325 for the next 40 years
Egypt's Early Dynastic Period of pharaohs was from
3686 BCE to 2686 BCE.  

Mankind was from Africa originally, and have been moving Westward ever since, following the sun.  Africa was a varied as possible with jungles and dry deserts, with most people moving out from the northern desert area of Egypt. 

 Abraham's people left the land of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Assyria in Western Asia  which had established an aggressive kingdom by the 20th century BCE already  and they  had trekked Westward to Canaan and settled there among the Canaanite and Philistine people.  The rivers were regarded as 2 of the 4 rivers emerging from the Garden of Eden. From sources in the Taurus mountains of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf. The lower part was called Mesopotamia.  The rivers have cut deep and permanent beds in the rock, so that their courses have undergone only minor changes since prehistoric times. Along the northeastern edge of Al-Jazīrah, the Tigris drains the rain-fed heart of ancient Assyria, while along the southwestern limit the Euphrates crosses true desert. On the Tigris river was Mahoza, one of the major Jewish Babylonian settlements in the Talmudic Period (Babylon  attack-597-586 BCE).  

Evidence of Israelite Slavery in Egypt

Hebrew captive, from the region of Sinai.
Part of a mural from the Funerary Temple of Ramesses III,
found at Medinet Habu.  The eyes and high cheekbones
look quite Asian to me.  

The 40 year trek started off with the slaves being told to hurry, for they were leaving, and 600 thousand had to rush in order to take advantage of the Pharaoh's judgment of allowing them all to leave, which made up the whole workforce of Egypt.  All slaves followed Moses West to Canaan, not knowing how long it would take to arrive to their new destination.  Old and young would have only a short few hours to prepare food for the march, and not time was allowed to bake bread, so they mixed up flour and water and baked this in the sun, creating the first matzos.                                                                               

matzos-flour and water -unleavened bread
Exodus, sometime between 1579 BCE to 1300 BCE ;
about 3500 years ago.  

                                                                            

hardtack-flour, water, salt

 They were something like hardtack, a cracker that lasted for years used by American pioneers.  it was and is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages, land migrations, and military campaigns.  It was also a mixture of flour and water and sometimes included salt.    

 "The introduction of the baking of processed cereals, including the creation of flour, provided a more reliable source of food. It's been around since the Egyptian pharaohs.  
                                                                          

It is probable that wild grasses were part of our ancestors’ diet at an early stage, but the real nutritional revolution did not take place until the last Ice Age had passed its peak. 13,000 years ago the hunters and gatherers of the Natufian culture of the Mesolithic period roamed a fertile region that extended from the Middle East into Mesopotamia.   The advent of agriculture changed the lives of the people. The Nomads started to settle, built villages and kept cattle. But even in the advanced civilizations the grains were still ground by hand between simple grindstones.  
                                                                                      

We know that by the 11th Century BCE in Israel after the Exodus, Samson, a judge of Israel, was seized by the Philistines and when imprisoned was made to grind grain, probably by being tethered to the grinding stone.  More likely this job was for oxen. (Judg 16: 21)

Egyptian sailors carried a flat brittle loaf of millet bread called dhourra cake, while the Romans had a biscuit called bucellatum.  King Richard I of England left for the Third Crusade (1189–92) with "biskit of muslin", which was a mixed grain compound of barley, bean flour, and rye.  In 1588, the daily allowance on board a Royal Navy ship was one pound of biscuits plus one gallon of beer.  In 1801, Josiah Bent began a baking operation in Milton, Massachusetts, selling "water crackers" or biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages from the port of Boston, which was also used extensively as a source of food by the gold prospectors who migrated to the gold mines of California in 1849. Since the journey took months, pilot bread (the unleavened bread) , which could be kept a long time, was stored in the wagon trains. Bent's company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the American Civil War. "Nobody remembered  that it was made like the Matzos of the people of the Exodus.  
                                                                                   

Picking manna every morning
I wonder if manna wasn't a type of mushroom. "It was like coriander seed,
it was white, and it tasted like a cake fried in honey...The people would stroll and gather it, and grind it in a mill or pound it in a mortar and cook it in a pot or make it into cakes, and it tasted like the taste of dough kneaded with oil.....

As a part of their meals, Crimini mushrooms could have offered great
 nutritional value. However, the nutritional value of crimini mushrooms may surprise you. One cup of crimini mushrooms provides a good, very good, or excellent source of 15 different vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant phytonutrients.  Along with birds caught, they would have been
very healthy.  4,000 years ago, they could have been as large as a loaf
of bread.  

It wasn't long when our 40 year Exodus marchers were fed Manna from heaven, something that appeared on the ground every morning  and were directed to pick up a double portion every Friday and then it disappeared each day for the rest of the 40 years that kept everyone nutritiously fed.  It was thin and rough, white in color, and tasted like honey-cakes.  It was formerly believed to be a shallow-rooted plant carried by storms.  Modern botanists have discovered sugary secretions on the tamaris mammifera caused by insects.  

People complained on their trek of missing onions to eat that they enjoyed as slaves in Egypt, and thought they should go back. "Who will feed us meat?  We remember the fish that we ate in Egypt free of charge;  the cucumbers, melons, leeks, onions, and garlic.  But now, our life is parched, there is nothing;  we have nothing to anticipate but manna!"  

 Manna and that was it must have been pretty boring, all right, but filling. " There (in Egypt)  we sat around pots of meat and ate all the food we wanted, but you have brought us out into this desert to starve this entire assembly to death." 

"11 The Lord said to Moses, 12 “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am the Lord your God.’”

13 That evening quail (a wild bird)  came and covered the camp, and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp. 14 When the dew was gone, thin flakes like frost on the ground appeared on the desert floor. 15 When the Israelites saw it, they said to each other, “What is it?” For they did not know what it was, " and it turned out to be the Manna.  

Resource: http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub365/item1940.html Egyptian food
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+16
http://www.britannica.com/place/Tigris-Euphrates-river-system
w.art-and-flour.de/english/history.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt
http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Who-was-the-pharaoh-of-the-Exodus-395885
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=97
http://www.zaqen.info/evidence.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzo
Exodus 16.3
Numbers11:4-6
http://classroom.synonym.com/harvesting-ancient-egypt-8915.html
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/harvesting_grain.htm  and
  The Grain harvest

HISTORY OF ISRAEL IN A CAPSULE

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                   

JUDAH was created out of Southern Israel after King Solomon died in 922 BCE.  Jeroboam took over next, then Nadab, Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri, Ahab, Ahaziah, Jehoram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam, Zecharia, Shallum, Meneahem, Pekahiah, Pekah, and Hoshea from 730-721 BCE. 

  
Moses had died outside of Canaan in about 1271 BCE and Joshua took the 12 tribes inside and subdued the land.
King Saul was the first king of Israel and reigned in the 11th century BCE.  He was of the tribe of Benjamin.  .
David of the tribe of Judah  became king. and ruled from 1010 BCE to 970 BCE.
                                                                                 

His son, Solomon b: 961-d: 920 BCE  was to build the 1st Temple.  So far, the land has been in the hands of the Israelites for 351 years up to now.  The land of Israel was divided after Solomon's death between the North and the South, the North being referred to as Samaria, the name of their new capital.  Israel was more luxurious and the more powerful kingdom.  The south was renamed as Judah, the name of the tribe that inhabited this part of Israel.  However, Israel was weakened by internal fights between rival dynasties and recurring wars with the kingdom of Syria which resided in Damascus.  .
                                                                         

10 Tribes being led away by King of Assyria, SHALMANASER IV reigned from 728-722 BCE

In 721 BCE  the Assyrians attacked Israel  and took away 10 of the 12 tribes as slaves.  These people were replaced by new settlers that the Assyrians brought in.

Finally, Judah, which was smaller and more secluded geographically and more spiritual, having held onto Jerusalem and the Temple,  now being a smaller with a smaller military force, was overcome in 586 BCE by the Babylonians.  They destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple.  They also took large number of the Judeans and deported them and the monarchy was abolished.  GEDALIAH, a member of the Old Royal House, tried to renew and organize political life was ended by his assassination in 582 BCE.
                                                                       
        Then the Persians (Iran) stepped in.  King Cyrus overthrew the Babylonian Empire.  He allowed the children of the exiles to return home to Judah and set up a center in 539 BCE.  It took them a long time to do this.  EZRA AND NEHEMIAH  had to leave the comfort of the Persian court and return with them to set it up.  The former northern section of Israel was now filled with Samaritans, named for the capital of Samaria, but they were not children of the original exiles.  They were of mixed heritage, and were not practicing Judaism.  So they were excluded from participation in the re-established Judah as it was feared that they would contaminate or even dominate the southern society.  Judah then was called Judea and was now a semi-autonomous Persian vassal state since Cyrus had allowed its re-development. Judea was administered by the high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.

The Samaritans had their center on Mt. Gerizim which is in the hills of Ephraim facing Mt. Ebal.  Shechem (Nablus) is situated in the intervening valley.  When the Israelites entered Canaan, a ceremony was held at which the people assembled on this mountain and blessed all who observed the law, and those on Mt. Ebal cursed those who profaned it. The mountain is 2,907 feet high.

In the next scene we see ALEXANDER THE GREAT invading the country.  They of course replace the Persian influence with Greek dominance which resulted in the establishment of Greek colonies along the coast and around the Jordan Valley which gave the entire country a European rather than Asiatic orientation.  Nothing changed in the general political scene, however.

The Ptolemies of Egypt shared alternate control and the Seleucides of Syria.  This went on until the 2nd century BCE when the attempt of ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES of Syria tried to hellenize the country by force in the Jewish religion and in their established culture.  This led to the HASMONEAN revolt in 165 BCE and the reestablishment for the 1st time since 586 BCE of the full independence under the HASMONEAN HOUSE in 142 BCE which converted its rule into a monarchy by 104 BCE.

What they had on their hands were wars of conquest, one after the other, particularly under JOHN HYRCANUS from 135 to 104 BCE.  where they extended their rule over the whole land of Judea.

Now we see that though the Greeks were strong on the coast and the Samaritans were in the central hill country, almost all the land was inhabited by the Jewish people.  THE GALILEE in particular was a center of patriotic sentiment.  In 63 BCE, the ROMANS were expanding in the Middle East and Judea was brought to their political orbit.  For a period of many centuries, it was part of the roman Empire, whether administerred by members of the HASMONEAN dynasty, by the house of HEROD, or directly by the Roman PROCURATORS and PROCONSULS.
                                                                       

There was a time between 55 to 49 BCE, 6 years, when it was a vassal kingdom under PARTHIAN control, and during the 2 great Jewish revolts of 66 to 70 CE when Jerusalem and the Temple was burned down,  and again with BAR KOKHBA from 132 to 135 CE.  Jews had been living here for 1,406 years.  Those revolts led to thousands of Jews being killed so that there was a depopulation of great parts of the country and again non-Jewish settlers being introduced into the land and many parts, particularly in the former Judea losing their Jewish character.

Jews didn't give up.  A solid Jewish life did continue to maintain itself after 135 CE, principally in Galilee where is had been the strongest.  It was based there on agriculture as it had been formerly.  The control came from the intellectual leaders and the Patriarchs (presidents of the SANHEDRIN)  whose authority was actually in time recognized by the ROMAN government.  This became the period of the intense intellectual life reflected in the writings of the Mishnah, the Palestinian Talmud and the Midrash.

There were a lot of areas in the land that had a pagan aspect.  The new administrative center on the coast, CAESAREA,  was lacking Jews.  They had become a minority.  This city had become the hub of Roman-Greek intellectual life.  Some other cities of the DECAPOLIS in the Northern Samaria were centers of philosophical study.

The Christianization of the Roman Empire  came about in the 4th century.  This brought about waves of violence and anti-Jewish legislation which was adopted by the emperors.  The result was the complete undermining of the position of Jews in what was  called Palestine (Israel and Judah) as of 135 CE by the Romans.  The land became the focus of Christian piety.  The Patriarchate was abolished in 425 which not only reflected the Christian distaste for Jews but stimulated the process of it as well.

Jews remained as strong Jews in their religion and there was considerable intellectual activity as shown in the development of Hebrew poetry, the Midrash and the Masorah now written.  However, Jews had become the minority in their own country.  They were indistinguishable from any other Roman or in due course from the Byzantine province.

 The Jews helped the PERSIAN invaders in 614 to 628 and suffered when they had to leave.

Under the Moslems, who conquered the country in 635 to 640 Jews were looked upon as unimportant, though and attempt was made to revive intellectual life by the establishment of a Gaonate, an imitation of that of Babylonian Jewry.  Under the UMMAYAD CALIPHS, ruling from DAMASCUS,  the country prospered.

PALESTINE was neglected when the ABBASID DYNASTY transferred its capital to Baghdad.  PALESTINE again became a problem between rival rulers of EGYPT AND IRAQ.  This caused the Jewish population to be reduced once again to insignificance.
                                                                             

The CRUSADERS of 1099 came and were followed by the setting up of a western feudal state in the country which lasted only until 1187 because of the turmoil of war.  By 1291, the last Christian stronghold at Acre fell.
                                                                             

The MONGOLS, also called the TARTARS came along in the 13th century and added to the devastation of the land.  In 1244-1260 and again in 1271  they had attacked Syria. "The Mamluks took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol forces, and, negotiating a passive alliance with the remnants of the Crusader forces in Acre, advanced northwards to engage the Mongols at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260." The country was now under Egyptian rule and was not important politically to anyone else."For about three months, until the Mamluks returned in May 1300, Mulay's forces were in technical control over Syria, and some Mongols engaged in raids as far south as Jerusalem and Gaza.  However, when the Mamluks returned from Egypt, the remaining Mongols retreated with little resistance.

By 1517, it was conquered along with Egypt, by Turkey who thought of it as just a remote and unimportant province .  They regarded it as little more than a source of revenue.  This was the period of the renewal of the Jewish settlement  in their ancient land on any scale--in part through the arrival after 1492 of refugees from SPAIN and PORTUGAL, in part through the emergence of SAFED as the great KABBALISTIC CENTER, and to a minor extent, through the attempt of JOSEPH NASI and then SOLOMON IBN YAISH to establish and autonomous center around TIBERIAS.

The Jews of the Diaspora (Europe, Spain, Middle East) kept in contact with the Jews of Palestine was maintained by the Emissaries from the 4 Holy Cities of JERUSALEM, SAFED, TIBERIAS AND HEBRON.  They would travel abroad to collect alms for the maintenance of the Jewish institutions.  The OTTOMAN EMPIRE'S local Pashas were frequently corrupt and oppressive like Muhammad Ibn Farukh, Pasha of Jerusalem, who barbarously maltreated the Jews there in 1625. On the other hand, local rulers who kept a firmer government like the Beduin sheikh Dahir al-Umar, who rebuilt Tiberias in 1740 with Jewish participation led by Rabbi Hayyim ABULAFIA, or Ahmed al-Jazzar, governor of Acre from 1775-1804, were unable to perpetuate their government.

By the 18th century, the Jewish settlement was reinforced by an Ashkenazi (European Jewish)  immigration.  First of the Hasidim came in 1777.  They were followed by the Mitnaggedim (Perushim) whose early villages were mainly in Galilee (northern Israel).  NAPOLEON's campaign was in 1799 when he called on the Jews to rally to his armies and help free the Holy Land from the TURKS.  It didn't happen then.

MEHEMET ALI OF EGYPT kept a firm administration which seemed promising in 1831.  but was ended by the Powers of England, Austria, Prussia and Russia after only 9 years.  The importance of international politics was realized both by the cutting of the Suez Canal and by the southerly advance of Russia.  Visitors came to Palestine like Mark Twain and so did Russian Jews escaping pogroms.
                                                                           

Sir Moses Montefiore of England

Religions of all faiths were established in  great profusion.  The Jewish population grew.  There had been restrictions on Jews who wanted to live in Jerusalem,  but they were removed and soon it had a Jewish majority.  SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE and others tried to found  Jewish agricultural colonies.  In 1882, the BILU settlers of the 1st ALIYAH came from Russia and created a town.  They were backed by the resources of BARON EDMOND de ROTHSCHILD.  THE   ALIYAH from 1904 onward placed Jewish rural life in Palestine and it was supported by a Hebrew-speaking culture.

The BRITISH CAMPAIGNS of 1917-1918 at the end of WWI led to the termination of  TURKISH rule.  Administration of the land was done by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS and given to GREAT BRITAIN to carry out for 30 years.  They were the Mandatory Power with the object of implementing the BALFOUR DECLARATION.  SIR HERBERT SAMUEL was the first HIGH COMMISSIONER from 1920 to 1925.  In 1922, an arrangement was negotiated for political reasons by WINSTON CHURCHILL, then the British colonial secretary.  He detatched TRANSJORDAN from the historic Palestine and set it up as a separate emirate barring Jews from living there.The Brits were to carry out the Jews ability to have their Jewish Homeland and they were going against it.  Jewish political rights were now restricted.  Arab objections seemed to be fostered by them.  Immigration and expansion of Jews were limited.  Jews came anyway, if not in droves, in dribbles, and they changed the face of the country.  New villages and towns were created, swamps were drained and forests were planted--by the Jews.  Tel Aviv was built and expanded.
                                                                       

European Jews destined for their deaths in Holocaust

The Arabs benefited from the Jews' presence.  The landowning effendi enjoyed the advantage over the hard-working peasant.  This economic expansion was stimulated after the beginning of Nazi persecution in Europe in 1933 when Jewish immigration increased.
                                                                             

 In 1936 Arabs rioted, urged to do so by Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem.    He's the one who had gone to Germany and spoke with Hitler.  The Italian Fascist government was anxious to embarrass England in the Middle East, and they went along with the Germans against the Jews. The total population then was 1,367,000.  Of this number, 384,000 were Jews. The development of the country by the Jews continued, regardless.  Illegal immigration had to be the way to enter for the Jews from 1940.  The Brits continued to try to keep the Jews out, even during the Holocaust from 1939 to 1945.
                                                                           

The Exodus arrived with Jewish refugees

Jews found themselves fighting the Brits and the Arabs.  From 1945 onward, large-scale clashes happened and the Brits continued to prevent immigration.  They turned the problem over to the UNITED NATIONS which recommended on November 1947  the division of Palestine into an Arab state and  a Jewish state.  The British 30 year mandate ended on May 15, 1948, and so on the day before, May 14th, Israel announced their state.  They had a war on their hands because the Arabs refused to accept the ruling of the UN partition resolution.  .  This WAR OF INDEPENDENCE happened because the Arabs all attacked the new state of Israel.  They came from the regular armies of Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and a Saudi-Arabian contingent.    The act caused Israel to expand.  How 650,000 Jews, the total Jewish population, managed to fight off the soldiers of all the neighboring Arab states is one of the world's miracles.Israelis lost 6,000 fighters.

At the same time,  the King of Jordan took the Old City of Jerusalem and almost the whole of Transjordan and annexed it.  Egypt took and annexed the Gaza Strip at this time.  Many Arabs fled the scene.  A million and a half Jewish immigrants arrived.                    

The Land of Israel was for the 1st time in the modern period.  An armistice was signed in 1949, but the Arabs continued to fight Wars against Israel again in 1956, 1967, 1973 and Palestinians from Lebanon in 1982.  After that, there have been riots, intifadas, all sorts of attacks even up to today with knifing and using cars to ram crowds.  It hasn't always been peaceful, but a good life has continued amid havoc. After all the times of living in the Diaspora, Jews are home and are willing to fight for their special home.

Resource:   The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia:  Israel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant